Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) and COVID-19: Unveiling the Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentialities with a Special Focus on Long COVID

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(3), P. 699 - 699

Published: March 19, 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused havoc all around the world. causative agent of is novel form coronavirus (CoV) named SARS-CoV-2, which results in immune system disruption, increased inflammation, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). T cells have been important components system, decide fate disease. Recent studies reported an subset known as regulatory (Tregs), possess immunosuppressive immunoregulatory properties play a crucial role prognosis shown that patients considerably fewer Tregs than general population. Such decrement may impact on number ways, including diminishing effect inflammatory inhibition, creating inequality Treg/Th17 percentage, raising chance failure. Having enhance likelihood long COVID development addition to contributing disease's poor prognosis. Additionally, tissue-resident provide tissue repair activities, aid recovery patients. severity illness also linked abnormalities Tregs' phenotype, such reduced expression FoxP3 other cytokines, IL-10 TGF-beta. Hence, this review, we summarize mechanisms their possible roles Furthermore, perturbations associated with disease severity. are explained COVID. This review discusses potential therapeutic management COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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The knowns and unknowns of long COVID-19: from mechanisms to therapeutical approaches

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: March 4, 2024

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been defined as the greatest global health and socioeconomic crisis of modern times. While most people recover after being infected with virus, a significant proportion them continue to experience issues weeks, months even years acute infection SARS-CoV-2. This persistence clinical symptoms in individuals for at least three onset or emergence new lasting more than two months, without any other explanation alternative diagnosis have named long COVID, long-haul post-COVID-19 conditions, chronic post-acute sequelae (PASC). Long COVID characterized constellation disorders that vary widely their manifestations. Further, mechanisms underlying are not fully understood, which hamper efficient treatment options. review describes predictors common related COVID's effects on central peripheral nervous system organs tissues. Furthermore, transcriptional markers, molecular signaling pathways risk factors such sex, age, pre-existing condition, hospitalization during phase COVID-19, vaccination, lifestyle presented. Finally, recommendations patient rehabilitation management, well therapeutical approaches discussed. Understanding complexity this disease, its across multiple organ systems overlapping pathologies possible paramount developing diagnostic tools treatments.

Language: Английский

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Pathophysiological, immunological, and inflammatory features of long COVID

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Feb. 28, 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to cause severe global disruption, resulting in significant excess mortality, overwhelming healthcare systems, and imposing substantial social economic burdens on nations. While most of the attention therapeutic efforts have concentrated acute phase disease, a notable proportion survivors experience persistent symptoms post-infection clearance. This diverse set symptoms, loosely categorized as long COVID, presents potential additional public health crisis. It is estimated that 1 5 exhibit clinical manifestations consistent with COVID. Despite this prevalence, mechanisms pathophysiology COVID remain poorly understood. Alarmingly, evidence suggests cases within condition develop debilitating or disabling symptoms. Hence, urgent priority should be given further studies equip systems for its management. review provides an overview available information emerging condition, focusing affected individuals’ epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, immunological inflammatory profiles.

Language: Английский

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Liquid biomarkers of macrophage dysregulation and circulating spike protein illustrate the biological heterogeneity in patients with post‐acute sequelae of COVID‐19

Journal of Medical Virology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 95(1)

Published: Dec. 2, 2022

Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) are long-term consequences SARS-CoV-2 infection that can substantially impair the quality life. Underlying mechanisms ranging from persistent viruses to innate and adaptive immune dysregulation have been discussed. Here, we profiled plasma 181 individuals cohort study for digital health research in Germany (DigiHero), including after mild moderate with or without PASC uninfected controls. We focused on soluble factors related monocyte/macrophage biology circulating spike (S1) protein as a potential biomarker viral reservoirs. At median time 8 months infection, found pronounced almost all tested factors, both pro-inflammatory pro-fibrotic cytokines. These immunological perturbations were remarkably independent ongoing symptoms per se, but further correlation regression analyses suggested PASC-specific patterns involving CCL2/MCP-1 IL-8 either correlated sCD162, sCD206/MMR, IFN-α2, IL-17A IL-33, IL-18 IL-23. None analyzed detectability levels S1, indicating this represents an subset patients PASC. data confirm prior evidence persistence illustrate its biological heterogeneity still awaits clinically defined subtypes.

Language: Английский

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Eosinophils as potential biomarkers in respiratory viral infections

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: July 6, 2023

Eosinophils are bone marrow-derived granulocytes that, under homeostatic conditions, account for as much 1-3% of peripheral blood leukocytes. During inflammation, eosinophils can rapidly expand and infiltrate inflamed tissues, guided by cytokines alarmins (such IL-33), adhesion molecules chemokines. play a prominent role in allergic asthma parasitic infections. Nonetheless, they participate the immune response against respiratory viruses such syncytial virus influenza. Notably, associated with exacerbation. release several endowed antiviral activity, including cationic proteins, RNases reactive oxygen nitrogen species. On other hand, involved homeostasis maintenance Th2-related inflammation. In context SARS-CoV-2 infection, emerging evidence indicates that represent possible blood-based biomarkers diagnosis, prognosis, severity prediction disease. particular, eosinopenia seems to be an indicator among patients COVID-19, whereas increased eosinophil count is better lower incidence complications mortality. present review, we provide overview plasticity focusing on various viral infections disease comorbidities. We will discuss potential utility prognostic/predictive diseases, particularly COVID-19. Finally, revisit some relevant methods tools have contributed advances dissection subsets different pathological settings future biomarker definition.

Language: Английский

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Inhibition of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier simultaneously mitigates hyperinflammation and hyperglycemia in COVID-19

Science Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(82)

Published: Feb. 23, 2023

The relationship between diabetes and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is bidirectional: Although individuals with high blood glucose (hyperglycemia) are predisposed to severe COVID-19, acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can also cause hyperglycemia exacerbate underlying metabolic syndrome. Therefore, interventions capable of breaking the network SARS-CoV-2 infection, hyperglycemia, hyperinflammation, all factors that drive COVID-19 pathophysiology, urgently needed. Here, we show genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) attenuates after influenza pneumonia. MPC using a second-generation insulin sensitizer, MSDC-0602K (MSDC), dampened pulmonary inflammation promoted lung recovery while concurrently reducing levels hyperlipidemia viral pneumonia in obese mice. Mechanistically, enhanced fitness destabilized hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, leading virus-induced inflammatory responses both murine human macrophages. We further showed MSDC nirmatrelvir (the antiviral component Paxlovid) provide protection against host development suppressed cellular autopsies, demonstrating its translational potential for treating COVID-19. Collectively, uncover pathway simultaneously modulates inflammation, tissue recovery, health, presenting synergistic therapeutic strategy treat particularly patients disease.

Language: Английский

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An aberrant immune–epithelial progenitor niche drives viral lung sequelae

Nature, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Sept. 4, 2024

Language: Английский

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COVID-19: Lessons Learned from Molecular and Clinical Research

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(2), P. 616 - 616

Published: Jan. 13, 2025

SARS-CoV-2 virus, the etiological agent of novel coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), was first identified in late 2019, following sudden appearance a cluster pneumonia cases unknown origin China [...]

Language: Английский

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Nanoparticles of Natural Product-derived Medicines: Beyond the Pandemic

Heliyon, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 11(4), P. e42739 - e42739

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

This review explores the synergistic potential of natural products and nanotechnology for viral infections, highlighting key antiviral, immunomodulatory, antioxidant properties to combat pandemics caused by highly infectious viruses. These often result in severe public health crises, particularly affecting vulnerable populations due respiratory complications increased mortality rates. A cytokine storm is initiated when an overload pro-inflammatory cytokines chemokines released, leading a systemic inflammatory response. Viral mutations limited availability effective drugs, vaccines, therapies contribute continuous transmission virus. The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has sparked renewed interest product-derived antivirals. efficacy traditional medicines against infections examined. Their anti-inflammatory, are highlighted. discusses how enhances herbal combating infections.

Language: Английский

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Potential for Early Noninvasive COVID-19 Detection Using Electronic-Nose Technologies and Disease-Specific VOC Metabolic Biomarkers

Sensors, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 23(6), P. 2887 - 2887

Published: March 7, 2023

The established efficacy of electronic volatile organic compound (VOC) detection technologies as diagnostic tools for noninvasive early COVID-19 and related coronaviruses has been demonstrated from multiple studies using a variety experimental commercial devices capable detecting precise mixtures VOC emissions in human breath. activities numerous global research teams, developing novel electronic-nose (e-nose) methods, have generated empirical laboratory clinical trial test results based on the different types host VOC-biomarker metabolites specific chemical classes. COVID-19-specific biomarkers are derived disease-induced changes metabolic pathways by SARS-CoV-2 viral pathogenesis. unique mechanisms proposed recent researchers to explain how causes damage organ systems throughout body associated with symptom combinations, cytokine storms physiological cascades that disrupt normal biochemical processes through gene dysregulation generate disease-specific targeted e-nose detection. This paper reviewed methods applications VOC-detection early, diagnosis infections. In addition, metabolomic (quantitative) biomarkers, consisting host-derived VOCs identified exhaled breath patients, were summarized possible sources useful confirming supporting diagnoses.

Language: Английский

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