Reviews in Medical Virology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
34(3)
Published: May 1, 2024
Abstract
COVID‐19
as
a
pan‐epidemic
is
waning
but
there
it
imperative
to
understand
virus
interaction
with
oral
tissues
and
inflammatory
diseases.
We
review
periodontal
disease
(PD),
common
disease,
driver
of
post‐acute‐sequelae
conditions
(PASC).
Oral
PASC
identifies
PD,
loss
teeth,
dysgeusia,
xerostomia,
sialolitis‐sialolith,
mucositis.
contend
that
PD‐associated
microbial
dysbiosis
involving
higher
burden
periodontopathic
bacteria
provide
an
optimal
microenvironment
for
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS‐CoV‐2)
infection.
These
pathogens
interact
epithelial
cells
activate
molecular
or
biochemical
pathways
promote
viral
adherence,
entry,
persistence
in
the
cavity.
A
repertoire
diverse
molecules
this
relationship
including
lipids,
carbohydrates
enzymes.
The
S
protein
SARS‐CoV‐2
binds
ACE2
receptor
activated
by
protease
activity
host
furin
TRMPSS2
cleave
subunits
entry.
However,
PD
additional
enzymatic
assistance
mimicking
augment
adherence
inducing
entry
receptors
ACE2/TRMPSS,
which
are
poorly
expressed
on
cells.
discuss
mechanisms
periodontopathogens
factors
facilitate
infection
immune
resistance
resulting
incomplete
clearance
risk
‘long‐haul’
health
issues
characterising
PASC.
Finally,
we
suggest
potential
diagnostic
markers
treatment
avenues
mitigate
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
15
Published: March 4, 2024
The
coronavirus
disease
2019
(COVID-19)
pandemic
caused
by
SARS-CoV-2
has
been
defined
as
the
greatest
global
health
and
socioeconomic
crisis
of
modern
times.
While
most
people
recover
after
being
infected
with
virus,
a
significant
proportion
them
continue
to
experience
issues
weeks,
months
even
years
acute
infection
SARS-CoV-2.
This
persistence
clinical
symptoms
in
individuals
for
at
least
three
onset
or
emergence
new
lasting
more
than
two
months,
without
any
other
explanation
alternative
diagnosis
have
named
long
COVID,
long-haul
post-COVID-19
conditions,
chronic
post-acute
sequelae
(PASC).
Long
COVID
characterized
constellation
disorders
that
vary
widely
their
manifestations.
Further,
mechanisms
underlying
are
not
fully
understood,
which
hamper
efficient
treatment
options.
review
describes
predictors
common
related
COVID's
effects
on
central
peripheral
nervous
system
organs
tissues.
Furthermore,
transcriptional
markers,
molecular
signaling
pathways
risk
factors
such
sex,
age,
pre-existing
condition,
hospitalization
during
phase
COVID-19,
vaccination,
lifestyle
presented.
Finally,
recommendations
patient
rehabilitation
management,
well
therapeutical
approaches
discussed.
Understanding
complexity
this
disease,
its
across
multiple
organ
systems
overlapping
pathologies
possible
paramount
developing
diagnostic
tools
treatments.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(15), P. 8155 - 8155
Published: July 26, 2024
At
present,
COVID-19
remains
a
public
health
concern
due
to
the
ongoing
evolution
of
SARS-CoV-2
and
its
prevalence
in
particular
countries.
This
paper
provides
an
updated
overview
epidemiology
pathogenesis
COVID-19,
with
focus
on
emergence
variants
phenomenon
known
as
‘long
COVID’.
Meanwhile,
diagnostic
detection
advances
will
be
mentioned.
Though
many
inventions
have
been
made
combat
pandemic,
some
outstanding
ones
include
multiplex
RT-PCR,
which
can
used
for
accurate
diagnosis
infection.
ELISA-based
antigen
tests
also
appear
potential
tools
available
future.
discusses
current
treatments,
vaccination
strategies,
well
emerging
cell-based
therapies
The
underscores
necessity
us
continuously
update
scientific
understanding
treatments
it.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
14
Published: Aug. 17, 2023
Tuberculosis
(TB),
caused
by
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
(Mtb)
and
Coronavirus
disease-2019
(COVID-19),
whose
etiologic
agent
is
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus-2
(SARS-CoV-2),
are
currently
the
two
deadliest
infectious
diseases
in
humans,
which
together
have
about
more
than
11
million
deaths
worldwide
past
3
years.
TB
COVID-19
share
several
aspects
including
droplet-
aerosol-borne
transmissibility,
lungs
as
primary
target,
some
symptoms,
diagnostic
tools.
However,
these
differ
other
their
incubation
period,
immune
cells
involved,
persistence
immunopathological
response.
In
this
review,
we
highlight
similarities
differences
between
focusing
on
innate
adaptive
response
induced
after
exposure
to
Mtb
SARS-CoV-2
pathological
pathways
linking
infections.
Moreover,
provide
a
brief
overview
of
case
TB-COVID-19
co-infection
highlighting
each
individual
infection.
A
comprehensive
understanding
involved
utmost
importance
for
design
effective
therapeutic
strategies
vaccines
both
diseases.
Immunity Inflammation and Disease,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
11(9)
Published: Sept. 1, 2023
Abstract
Introduction
The
novel
coronavirus
infectious
disease
2019
(COVID‐19)
which
is
caused
by
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
2
(SARS‐CoV‐2)
has
emerged
as
a
gigantic
problem.
lung
the
major
target
organ
of
SARS‐CoV‐2
and
some
its
variants
like
Delta
Omicron
variant
adapted
in
such
way
that
these
can
significantly
damage
this
vital
body.
These
raised
few
eyebrows
outbreaks
have
been
seen
vaccinated
population.
Patients
develop
illnesses
eventually
prove
fatal
unless
treated
early.
Main
Body
Studies
shown
causes
release
pro‐inflammatory
cytokines
interleukin
(IL)‐6,
IL‐1β
tumor
necrosis
factor
(TNF)‐α
are
mediators
inflammation,
damage,
fever,
fibrosis.
Additionally,
various
chemokines
found
to
play
an
important
role
progression.
A
plethora
“cytokine
storm”
observed
cases
infection
leading
distress
(ARDS)
pneumonia
may
fatal.
To
counteract
cytokine
storm‐inducing
several
promising
immunomodulatory
approaches
being
investigated
numerous
clinical
trials.
However,
benefits
using
strategies
should
outweigh
risks
involved
use
certain
immunosuppressive
might
lead
host
susceptible
secondary
bacterial
infections.
Conclusion
present
review
discusses
manage
inflammation
COVID‐19
serve
potential
therapeutic
options
future
lifesaving.
Journal of Primary Care & Community Health,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
15
Published: Jan. 1, 2024
Background:
Over
30%
of
patients
with
COVID-19
have
persistent
symptoms
that
last
beyond
30
days
and
referred
to
as
Long
COVID.
COVID
has
been
associated
a
elevation
in
peripheral
cytokines
including
interleukin-6,
interleukin-1β,
tumor
necrosis
factor-α.
This
study
reports
cytokine
profiles
our
clinic
across
SARS-COV-2
variant
epochs.
Methods:
The
clinical
panel
was
analyzed
during
periods
were
stratified
according
epoch.
4
epochs
defined
as:
(1)
wild-type
through
alpha,
(2)
alpha/beta/gamma,
(3)
delta,
(4)
omicron
variants.
Results:
A
total
390
had
the
performed;
median
age
48
years
(IQR
38-59)
62%
female.
Distribution
by
50%
(n
=
196);
7.9%
31);
18%
72);
omicron,
23%
91).
Time
testing
significantly
longer
for
earlier
Tumor
factor-α
(
P
<
.001)
interleukin
1β
more
elevated
(median
558
Alpha
epoch
vs
263
epoch,
.001)).
Nucleocapsid
antibodies
consistently
detected
Discussion:
When
early
persistently
pro-inflammatory
levels
when
compared
later
Patients
similar
clusters
epochs,
suggesting
underlying
pathology
is
independent
signature.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(12), P. 6389 - 6389
Published: June 9, 2024
Long
COVID
(LC),
also
referred
to
as
Post
COVID-19
Condition,
Post-Acute
Sequelae
of
SARS-CoV-2
Infection
(PASC),
and
other
terms,
represents
a
complex
multisystem
disease
persisting
after
the
acute
phase
COVID-19.
Characterized
by
myriad
symptoms
across
different
organ
systems,
LC
presents
significant
diagnostic
management
challenges.
Central
disorder
is
role
low-grade
inflammation,
non-classical
inflammatory
response
that
contributes
chronicity
diversity
observed.
This
review
explores
pathophysiological
underpinnings
LC,
emphasizing
importance
inflammation
core
component.
By
delineating
pathogenetic
relationships
clinical
manifestations
this
article
highlights
necessity
for
an
integrated
approach
employs
both
personalized
medicine
standardized
protocols
aimed
at
mitigating
long-term
consequences.
The
insights
gained
not
only
enhance
our
understanding
but
inform
development
therapeutic
strategies
could
be
applicable
chronic
conditions
with
similar
features.
JCI Insight,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
9(20)
Published: Oct. 22, 2024
Myalgic
encephalomyelitis/chronic
fatigue
syndrome
(ME/CFS)
and
long
COVID
are
debilitating
multisystemic
conditions
sharing
similarities
in
immune
dysregulation
cellular
signaling
pathways
contributing
to
the
pathophysiology.
In
this
study,
exhaustion
gene
expression
was
investigated
participants
with
ME/CFS
or
concurrently.
RNA
extracted
from
peripheral
blood
mononuclear
cells
isolated
(n
=
14),
15),
healthy
controls
18).
Participants
were
included
according
Canadian
Consensus
Criteria.
eligible
case
definition
for
"Post
COVID-19
Condition"
published
by
World
Health
Organization.
analyzed
using
NanoString
nCounter
Immune
Exhaustion
panel.
Differential
analysis
revealed
downregulated
IFN
immunoglobulin
genes,
suggested
a
state
of
suppression.
Pathway
implicated
dysregulated
macrophage
activation,
cytokine
production,
immunodeficiency
signaling.
Long
samples
exhibited
genes
regarding
antigen
presentation,
signaling,
activation.
Differentially
expressed
associated
B
cell
development,
This
investigation
elucidates
intricate
role
both
adaptive
innate
underlying
COVID,
emphasizing
potential
importance
disease
progression.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(21), P. 11411 - 11411
Published: Oct. 24, 2024
IL-6
remains
a
key
molecule
of
the
cytokine
storms
characterizing
COVID-19,
exerting
both
proinflammatory
and
anti-inflammatory
effects.
Emerging
research
underscores
significance
trans-signaling
over
classical
signaling
pathways,
which
has
shifted
focus
therapeutic
strategies.
Additionally,
synergistic
action
TNF-α
IFN-γ
been
found
to
induce
inflammatory
cell
death
through
PANoptosis,
further
amplifying
severity
storms.
Long
COVID-19
patients,
as
well
those
with
triggered
by
other
conditions,
exhibit
distinct
laboratory
profiles,
indicating
need
for
targeted
approaches
diagnosis
management.
Growing
evidence
also
highlights
gut
microbiota's
crucial
role
in
modulating
immune
response
during
affecting
production,
adding
complexity
disease's
immunological
landscape.
Targeted
intervention
strategies
should
on
specific
cutoffs,
though
accurate
quantification
clinical
challenge.
Current
treatment
are
increasingly
focused
inhibiting
trans-signaling,
offers
promise
more
precise
manage
hyperinflammatory
responses
COVID-19.
In
light
recent
discoveries,
this
review
summarizes
findings
storms,
particularly
their
conditions.
It
explores
emerging
targeting
cytokines
like
IL-6,
TNF-α,
IFN-γ,
while
addressing
open
questions,
such
better
biomarkers
detect
ongoing
challenges
developing
treatments
that
mitigate
hyperinflammation
without
compromising
function,
emphasizing
importance
continued
field.
