Postbiotics—A Step Beyond Pre- and Probiotics

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(8), P. 2189 - 2189

Published: July 23, 2020

As an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota can lead to development of several diseases (e.g., type 1 diabetes, cancer, among others), use prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics alter gut microbiome has attracted recent interest. Postbiotics include any substance released by or produced through metabolic activity microorganism, which exerts a beneficial effect on host, directly indirectly. do not contain live microorganisms, risks associated with their intake are minimized. Here, we provided critical review described literature, including mechanisms action, clinical characteristics, potential therapeutic applications. We detailed pleiotropic effects postbiotics, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer properties. Although is attractive strategy for altering microbiome, further study into its efficacy safety warranted.

Language: Английский

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Postbiotics-parabiotics: the new horizons in microbial biotherapy and functional foods

Microbial Cell Factories, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 19(1)

Published: Aug. 20, 2020

Abstract Probiotics have several health benefits by modulating gut microbiome; however, techno-functional limitations such as viability controls hampered their full potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. Therefore, focus is gradually shifting from viable probiotic bacteria towards non-viable paraprobiotics and/or probiotics derived biomolecules, so-called postbiotics. Paraprobiotics postbiotics are emerging concepts functional foods field because they impart an array of health-promoting properties. Although, these terms not well defined, for time being been defined here. The complex mixture metabolic products secreted cell-free supernatants enzymes, proteins, short chain fatty acids, vitamins, biosurfactants, amino peptides, organic etc. While, inactivated microbial cells (intact or ruptured containing cell components peptidoglycans, teichoic surface etc.) crude extracts (i.e. with chemical composition)”. However, many instances used whole category parabiotics. These elicit advantages over like; (i) availability pure form, (ii) ease production storage, (iii) process industrial-scale-up, (iv) specific mechanism action, (v) better accessibility Microbes Associated Molecular Pattern (MAMP) during recognition interaction Recognition Receptors (PRR) (vi) more likely to trigger only targeted responses ligand-receptor interactions. current review comprehensively summarizes discussed various methodologies implied extract, purify, identification paraprobiotic postbiotic compounds benefits.

Language: Английский

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Shaping the Future of Probiotics and Prebiotics

Trends in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 29(8), P. 667 - 685

Published: Feb. 5, 2021

An expanding range of candidate probiotic species and prebiotic substrates is emerging to address newly elucidated data-driven microbial niches host targets.Overlapping with, adjacent to, the fields, new variants microbiome-modulating interventions are developing, including synbiotics, postbiotics, consortia, live biotherapeutic products, genetically modified organisms, with renewed interest in polyphenols, fibres, fermented foods.Personalised nutrition precision medicine beginning influence application probiotics prebiotics, growing modulation signatures health disease.Demand for prebiotics across divergent product formats driving innovation quality assurance techniques measure dose, viability, structural functional integrity. Recent ongoing developments microbiome science enabling frontiers research prebiotics. Novel types, mechanisms, applications currently under study have potential change scientific understanding as well nutritional healthcare these interventions. The expansion related fields microbiome-targeted interventions, an evolving landscape implementation regulatory, policy, prescriber, consumer spheres, portends era significant change. In this review we examine recent, emerging, anticipated trends science, create a vision broad areas developing field. Probiotics (see Glossary) received escalating attention recent years scientific, healthcare, public arenas. Publicity around has also broadened perception microorganisms, beyond disease-causing agents that should be avoided, more rational view integrating beneficial roles microorganisms human health. line advances, awareness acceptance continues expand [1.Chin-Lee B. et al.Patient experience use community-based care settings.Patient Prefer. Adhere. 2014; 8: 1513-1520PubMed Google Scholar], industry growth estimated at 7% annually [2.Jackson S.A. al.Improving end-user trust commercial products.Front. Microbiol. 2019; 10: 739Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) forecast 12.7% over next 8 [3.Mano M.C.R. al.Oligosaccharide biotechnology: approach revolution on industry.Appl. Biotechnol. 2018; 102: 17-37Crossref (40) Scholar]. While there general beneficial, still gap definitions terms 'probiotics' 'prebiotics', their benefits health, how they function, where find best sources food products Scholar,4.Viana J.V. al.Probiotic foods: attitudes.Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2008; 43: 1577-1580Crossref (30) Both increasingly incorporated into wide foods, beverages, topical (even toilet paper), some cases questionable or no validation any benefit host, requirement existing consensus definitions. field, both clearly established, International Scientific Association Prebiotics (ISAPP) having convened panels whereby experts reviewed published behind [5.Hill C. al.Expert document. statement scope appropriate term probiotic.Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 11: 506-514Crossref (2566) Scholar] [6.Gibson G.R. document: definition prebiotics.Nat. 2017; 14: 491-502Crossref (1252) conclusions highlighted play integral role status. Some key mechanisms been (Box 1) used variety states, prophylactically therapeutically.Box 1Mechanisms Action PrebioticsMechanisms action complex, diverse, heterogeneous, often strain- compound-specific. many described, remain calls increased understanding, especially structure–function explanations observed effects long-term influences [134.Kleerebezem M. al.Understanding mode can drive translational pipeline towards reliable probiotics.Curr. Opin. 56: 55-60Crossref (26) Scholar,152.Plaza-Diaz al.Mechanisms probiotics.Adv. Nutr. S49-S66Crossref (96) Scholar,153.Monteagudo-Mera A. al.Adhesion mediated by impact health.Appl. 103: 6463-6472Crossref (91) Scholar].Probiotics interact via molecular effectors present cell structure secreted metabolic products. Probiotic metabolites act microbiota crossfeeding interactions, changes gastrointestinal microenvironment (e.g., pH lowering), competition nutrients binding sites, inhibition production strain-specific antibacterial compounds bacteriocins [133.Lebeer S. al.Identification effector molecules: state future perspectives.Curr. 49: 217-223Crossref (90) Such microbiota-directed contribute ability mediate pathogen overgrowth states such vaginal oral dysbioses [153.Monteagudo-Mera Scholar].With regard cells, molecules directly receptors intestinal epithelial, enteroendocrine, immune cells vagal afferent fibres. These interactions produce local gut effects, enhancement barrier integrity inflammation Toll-like receptors), systemic immune, endocrine, nervous system mediators perform enzymatic metabolism bile salts ingested xenobiotics [152.Plaza-Diaz Specific surface-associated include pili, lipoteichoic acids, exopolysaccharides, various surface-layer proteins, which therefore delivery Scholar].Classical through consumption substrate specific groups within microbiota, promoting activity. Provision select group/s bacteria indirectly other bacterial – inhibitory displacement. Resulting composition metabolite concentrations from administration nervous, endocrine signalling improvements bowel response, glucose lipid metabolism, bone regulation appetite satiety Chief by-products SCFAs acetate, butyrate, propionate, recognised systems facilitate [10.Blaak E.E. al.Short chain fatty acids health.Benefic. Microbes. 2020; 411-455Crossref (3) Scholar].In addition nutritive microbes, receptors, modulating epithelial function [154.Brosseau al.Prebiotics: preventive allergy.Nutrients. 1841Crossref (6) Mechanisms With Classical Currently, multiple spheres acting (Figure 1). Broad technological advances data collection analytical tools exploration providing deeper insights host. Interest grow conditions, body population subgroups, formats. Furthermore, evolution regulatory frameworks, clinical guidelines influencing healthcare. As our knowledge each integrated shaping timely. Traditionally, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, lactic acid-producing (LAB) probiotics, primarily isolated dairy faecal microbiome. breadth its functions expanded, holds discovery approaches [7.Veiga P. al.Moving probiotics.Nat. 5: 878-880Crossref (5) taxa. Developments affordable complete genome sequencing powerful cultivation methods allowed isolation characterisation microbiomes opportunity developed next-generation [8.O'Toole P.W. al.Next-generation probiotics: spectrum biotherapeutics.Nat. 2: 17057Crossref (213) 2). Various bacteria, Roseburia intestinalis, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Eubacterium spp., Bacteroides spp. Akkermansia muciniphila, Scholar,9.Brodmann T. al.Safety novel microbes consumption: practical examples assessment European Union.Front. 1725Crossref (64) candidates represent proportion cultivable offer physiological not always conferred bifidobacteria bioactives Converting industrially viable presents challenges rich media anaerobic conditions adds cost complexity, investment determining optimal fermentation manufacturing processes time. Despite difficulties, muciniphila one promising candidates. Isolated 2004 [11.Derrien al.Akkermansia gen. nov., sp. mucin-degrading bacterium.Int. Syst. Evol. 2004; 54: 1469-1476Crossref (843) it tested preclinical animal models shown prevent development obesity, pasteurisation increasing stability efficacy species. Initial proof-of-concept studies taken place humans pasteurised safe improves several parameters [12.Depommier al.Supplementation overweight obese volunteers: exploratory study.Nat. Med. 25: 1096-1103Crossref (332) Live already market multispecies synbiotic preparation, containing inulin, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium butyricum, Anaerobutyricum hallii) was improve levels type 2 diabetics [13.Perraudeau F. al.Improvements postprandial control subjects diabetes: multicenter, double blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial formulation.BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care. 8e001319Crossref (1) will only source strains Niches strong species, targets intervention, female urogenital tract, cavity, nasopharyngeal skin [14.Maguire Maguire G. health.Arch. Dermatol. 309: 411-421Crossref (24) Scholar, 15.George V.T. al.The periodontal therapy.J. Int. Oral Heal. 2016; 404-408Google 16.Cribby al.Vaginal probiotics.Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis. 2008 (art. 256490)Crossref Species genera associated regions being investigated restore populations homeostasis disease states. Examples commensal isolate Staphylococcus hominis eczema atopic dermatitis [17.Nakatsuji al.Antimicrobials protect against aureus deficient dermatitis.Sci. Transl. 9eaah4680Crossref (362) Lactobacillus crispatus dysbiosis [18.Reid health.J. AOAC 2012; 95: 31-34Crossref (29) Fermented foods most common natural potentially LAB, benefits, reduced risk diabetes cardiovascular diseases [19.Marco M.L. al.Health beyond.Curr. 44: 94-102Crossref (363) putatively metabolomic profile [20.Taylor B.C. al.Consumption systematic differences metabolome.mSystems. 5e00901-19Crossref (13) likely major LAB [21.Pasolli E. al.Large-scale genome-wide analysis links acid microbiome.Nat. Commun. 2610Crossref show development. unfermented may fruits, vegetables, grains/cereals, dairy, meat fish honey, environmental soil [22.Zielińska D. Kolożyn-Krajewska Food-origin exhibit properties: Review.Biomed. 2018 5063185)Crossref core heartlands target therapy subfertility [23.García-Velasco J.A. al.What fertility specialists know about microbiome: review.Reprod. BioMed. Online. 35: 103-112Abstract Full Text PDF (28) liver [24.Meroni nonalcoholic disease: insight therapeutic strategies.Nutrients. 2642Crossref mood disorders [25.Dinan T.G. al.Psychobiotics: class psychotropic.Biol. Psychiatry. 2013; 74: 720-726Abstract (510) cognition [26.Dinan Cryan J.F. microbiome–gut–brain axis disease.Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am. 46: 77-89Abstract [27.Seminario-Amez al.Probiotics health: A review.Med. Patol. Cir. Bucal. 22: e282-e288PubMed asthma [28.Spacova I. airway allergy: factors consider.Dis. Models Mech. 11dmm034314Crossref [29.Koutnikova H. al.Impact non-alcoholic variables: meta-analysis randomised controlled trials.BMJ Open. 9e017995Crossref (65) hypercholesterolaemia [30.Khare Gaur Cholesterol-lowering species.Curr. 77: 638-644Crossref (7) obesity [31.Brusaferro al.Is time treat obesity?.Nutrients. 1613Crossref (39) Significant emphasis placed investigating safety considered Many commonly exploited available generally recognized (GRAS) status USA belong qualified presumption (QPS) Safety Authority (EFSA), yet case history use. Submission GRAS, QPS, frameworks enable path commercialisation, pharmaceutical applications, example, category defined Drug Administration (FDA)i Directorate Quality Medicines [32.European Pharmacopoeia Commission 3053E General monograph products.Eur. Pharmacopoeia. (9.7)Google required [33.Rouanet al.Live road map assessment.Front. 7: 237Crossref comprising retrospective possible linked taxa considered, full sequence, antibiotic resistance genes, toxin transferrable genetic elements, virulence factors, proven models, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, Phase I–III trials. evidence fall current 2), albeit attracting attention. consortia network synergistic [34.Vázquez-Castellanos al.Design synthetic modulation.Curr. Pharmacol. 52-59Crossref (8) augment single-strain organisms definition, if characterised Adjacent postbiotics 1An updated expert panel ISAPP, press. fragments [35.Aguilar-Toalá al.Postbiotics:

Language: Английский

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Impact of the Natural Compound Urolithin A on Health, Disease, and Aging

Trends in Molecular Medicine, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 27(7), P. 687 - 699

Published: May 21, 2021

Urolithin A (UA) is a gut microbiome-derived natural compound that only 40% of people can naturally convert from dietary precursors at meaningful levels.Positive effects direct UA administration in health, aging, and age-related conditions have been identified several recent studies.Experimental models consistently show increases mitophagy mitochondrial function blunts excessive inflammatory responses.UA increased biomarkers preclinical aging healthy elderly people.UA promising strategy to target health disease especially those linked muscle dysfunction. produced by bacteria ingested ellagitannins (ETs) ellagic acid (EA), complex polyphenols abundant foods such as pomegranate, berries, nuts. was discovered 40 years ago, but recently has its impact on explored. enhances cellular increasing reducing detrimental inflammation. Several studies how protects against affecting muscle, brain, joints, other organs. In humans, benefits supplementation the are supported clinical trials people. Here, we review state art UA's biology translational potential nutritional intervention humans. belongs family urolithins, characterized chemical structure containing an α-benzo-coumarin scaffold (Figure 1). Urolithins colon following microbiome-mediated transformation ETs EA, which contained products, pomegranates, strawberries, raspberries, walnuts [1.Espín J.C. et al.Biological significance microbial acid-derived metabolites: evidence so far.Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2013; 2013: 270418Crossref PubMed Scopus (277) Google Scholar, 2.Tomás-Barberán F.A. al.Urolithins, rescue "old" metabolites understand "new" concept: metabotypes nexus among phenolic metabolism, microbiota dysbiosis, host status.Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2017; 61: 1500901Crossref (198) 3.González-Barrio R. al.Bioavailability anthocyanins consumption raspberries humans subjects with ileostomy.J. Agric. Chem. 2010; 58: 3933-3939Crossref (180) Scholar]. 1 Box 1).Box 1Conversion Ellagitannins Metabolism UAThe EA present variety plant products main UA. very low bioavailability either directly eliminated stool or converted into more bioavailable derivates [2.Tomás-Barberán hydrolyzed bacterial enzymes called tannases. Further enzymatic reactions transform urolithins 1) urolithin B (UB) most final conserved widely studied across species Scholar].Ingesting ET-rich not always enough expose UA, formation depends having appropriate microbiome [10.Cortés-Martín A. al.Where look puzzle health? The postbiotics associated human metabotypes.Mol. 2020; 64: 1900952Crossref (39) Of note, efforts made identify bacterium, bacteria, responsible for conversion. Although some proposed based ex vivo feces [60.Selma M.V. al.Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens sp. nov., urolithin-producing bacterium isolated gut.Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2014; 2346-2352Crossref (69) Scholar,61.Selma al.Description production capacity two intestinal Gordonibacter species.Food Funct. 5: 1779-1784Crossref Scholar], UA-producing still unknown Scholar].After absorption blood circulation, undergoes phase 2 metabolism form conjugates, mainly UA-glucuronide UA-sulfate. detected plasma biological role conjugates clear. vitro experiments suggest lower no activity compared Scholar,70.Bobowska al.Comparative their II macrophage neutrophil functions.European Journal Nutrition. 2021; 60: 1957-1972Crossref (9) Ingesting After First metabolite rats 1980 [4.Doyle B. Griffiths L.A. rat.Xenobiotica Fate Foreign Compd. Biol. 1980; 10: 247-256Crossref (86) similar (see Glossary) conversion later demonstrated many species, including flies mice Scholar] . pioneering study also showed [5.Cerdá al.Identification microflora related compounds.J. 2005; 53: 5571-5576Crossref (191) making common nature. Two then measured after pomegranate [6.Cerdá al.The potent antioxidant juice metabolised poor hydroxy-6H-dibenzopyran-6-one derivatives colonic humans.Eur. 2004; 43: 205-220Crossref (325) nuts [7.Cerdá al.Metabolism chemopreventive walnuts, oak-aged wine humans: identification individual variability.J. 227-235Crossref (318) Interestingly, does occur all individuals. process variable [8.Tomás-Barberán al.Ellagic microbiota: consistent observation three phenotypes trials, independent food source, age, status.J. 62: 6535-6538Crossref (184) takes place approximately population [9.Cortés-Martín revisited: determined aging.Food 2018; 9: 4100-4106Crossref Being 'UA producer' requires varies status, intake Backed growing interest interventions address ever-increasing problems [11.Domingues-Faria C. al.Skeletal regeneration nutrition.Ageing Rev. 2016; 26: 22-36Crossref (50) Scholar,12.Kehoe L. al.Nutritional challenges older adults Europe: current status future directions.Proc. Soc. 2019; 78: 221-233Crossref (21) research groups started relevance instead precursors. This outlines relevant positive impacts due progressive diseases aging. It describes molecular mechanisms explain counter hallmarks Finally, this explores applications effect improvement observed cells, worms, mice, benefit driven clearing recycling dysfunctional mitochondria, selective autophagy [13.Palikaras K. al.Mechanisms homeostasis, physiology pathology.Nat. Cell 20: 1013-1022Crossref (338) Mitophagy impaired age Scholar,69.Diot al.Mitophagy plays central ageing.Mamm. Genome. 27: 381-395Crossref (68) Restoring correct levels counteract decline organ [14.Ryu D. al.Urolithin induces prolongs lifespan elegans rodents.Nat. 22: 879-888Crossref (368) Scholar,16.Fang E.F. inhibits amyloid-β tau pathology reverses cognitive deficits Alzheimer's disease.Nat. Neurosci. 401-412Crossref (396) occurs when mitochondria damaged exposure external inducers 2). proceeds via pathways activate. PTEN-induced kinase (PINK1)/Parkin-dependent starts stabilization PINK1, recruits phosphorylates ubiquitin-conjugating protein Parkin. Parkin turn promotes ubiquitination proteins, phosphorylated PINK1 serve docking sites adaptor microtubule-associated LC3, phagosome membranes. Once engulfed phagophore membrane, they merge lysosomes organelle clearance 2) Other PINK1–Parkin-independent activate BNIP3, NIX, FUNDC1, recruit LC3 promote autophagosome nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, expression genes lgg-1 pink-1, pdr-1 [15.Luan P. improves inducing muscular dystrophy.Sci. Transl. 13eabb0319Crossref worm homologs mammalian encoding LC-3B, vesicle formation. ablation pink-1 dct-1, ortholog abolished beneficial [16.Fang phospho-ubiquitin accumulation prominent C2C12 mouse myoblasts treated vivo, higher ubiquitinated phospho-ubiquitinated proteins were tissues administering wild-type rodents mdx model Duchenne dystrophy (DMD) reported neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells hippocampal neurons (AD) Consistently, events AD brains. PINK1/Parkin activation pancreatic diabetic [17.Tuohetaerbaike al.Pancreas protective type induced high fat streptozotocin regulating AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.J. Ethnopharmacol. 250: 112479Crossref (15) nucleus pulposus [18.Lin A-induced suppresses apoptosis attenuates intervertebral disc degeneration AMPK pathway.Free Radic. 150: 109-119Crossref (23) less explored mammals; however, data Bnip3 mRNA mild BNIP3 UA-treated quality pool tightly generation new organelles, leading improved respiratory [19.Ploumi al.Mitochondrial biogenesis clearance: balancing act.FEBS 284: 183-195Crossref (154) Mitochondrial abundance reduced upon short-term treatment worms Conversely, content unchanged mildly liver [20.Toney A.M. A, metabolite, insulin sensitivity through augmentation biogenesis.Obesity. 612-620Crossref (26) longer exposure. suggests first, activates thereafter favors biogenesis. Consistent this, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) tissue Scholar,15.Luan kidney subjected acute injury [21.Zou al.Oral delivery nanoparticle normalizes stress survival cisplatin-induced AKI.Am. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol. 317: F1255-F1264Crossref (11) gene sets upregulated transcriptomic HT29 [22.Singh al.Enhancement barrier integrity Nrf2 pathway.Nat. Commun. 89Crossref (169) functional readouts skeletal where elevated Complex I- II-mediated respiration shown regulate systemically muscle. Data first-in-human Phase I trial decrease acylcarnitines [23.Andreux P.A. activator safe signature humans.Nat. Metab. 1: 595-603Crossref (108) markers reflect efficacy fatty oxidation level entire body [24.Schooneman M.G. al.Acylcarnitines.Diabetes. 1-8Crossref increase shared between exposed attenuation responses. particularly clinically because chronic, low-grade process, named inflamm-aging [25.Franceschi al.Inflammaging: immune–metabolic viewpoint diseases.Nat. Endocrinol. 14: 576-590Crossref (603) contributes organismal function. anti-inflammatory first time marker cyclooxygenase (COX2) dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced rat colitis [26.Larrosa M. al.Anti-inflammatory properties extract urolithin-A inflammation metabolism.J. Biochem. 21: 717-725Crossref (309) reduction proinflammatory cytokines interleukin beta (IL-1β), 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) both acute, trinitrobenzenesulfonic (TNBS)-induced DSS-induced same streptozotocin-induced IL-10, noted IL-1β livers high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese kidneys nephrotoxic [27.Guada mitigates nephrotoxicity inhibiting renal experimental model.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 363: 58-65Crossref (20) Lower fractalkine, cytokine influences myocardial [28.Taube al.Fractalkine depresses cardiomyocyte contractility.PLoS ONE. 8e69832Crossref cardiomyopathy (DCM) [29.Savi al.In prevents occurrence cardiac dysfunction rats.Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 16: 80Crossref (55) neuronal tissues, IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα brains amyloid precursor protein/presenilin (APP/PS1) Scholar,30.Gong Z. memory impairment neuroinflammation APP/PS1 mice.J. Neuroinflammation. 1-13Crossref (49) These suggested promotion phagocytic microglia, crucial clean up debris nervous system (CNS) control responses, protection Notably, knockdown Pink1 microglia ablated UA-mediated IL-10 secretion, indicating reduces induction cell infiltration analyzing white matter autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) [31.Shen P.-X.

Language: Английский

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Polyphenol-Mediated Gut Microbiota Modulation: Toward Prebiotics and Further

Frontiers in Nutrition, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: June 28, 2021

The genome of gut microbes encodes a collection enzymes whose metabolic functions contribute to the bioavailability and bioactivity unabsorbed (poly)phenols. Datasets from high throughput sequencing, metabolome measurements, other omics have expanded understanding different modes actions by which (poly)phenols modulate microbiome conferring health benefits host. Progress been made identify direct prebiotic effects (poly)phenols; albeit up date, these compounds are not recognized as prebiotics sensu stricto . Interestingly, certain probiotics strains an enzymatic repertoire, such tannase, α-L-rhamnosidase, phenolic acid reductase, involved in transformation into bioactive metabolites. In vivo studies demonstrated that (poly)phenol-transforming bacteria thrive when provided with substrates. However, taxonomically distinct symbionts phenolic-metabolizing activity has still significantly promoted This is case Akkermansia muciniphila , so-called antiobesity bacterium, responds positively may be partially responsible for formerly attributed molecules. We surmise broad antimicrobial action free ecological niches occupied competing bacteria, thereby allowing bloom beneficial bacteria. review explores capacity promote through their collaborative bacterial utilization inhibitory on potential pathogenic species. propose term duplibiotic describe substrate modulating microbiota both action. (Poly)phenol effect could participate blunting disturbance dysbiosis, positioning dietary strategies therapeutic potential.

Language: Английский

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Postbiotics: Current Trends in Food and Pharmaceutical Industry

Foods, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(19), P. 3094 - 3094

Published: Oct. 5, 2022

Postbiotics are non-viable bacterial products or metabolic byproducts produced by probiotic microorganisms that have biologic activity in the host. functional bioactive compounds, generated a matrix during anaerobic fermentation of organic nutrients like prebiotics, for generation energy form adenosine triphosphate. The this sequence called postbiotics, these low molecular weight soluble compounds either secreted live microflora released after microbial cell lysis. A few examples widely studied postbiotics short-chain fatty acids, fragments, extracellular polysaccharides, lysates, teichoic acid, vitamins, etc. Presently, prebiotics and probiotics on market; however, also gaining great deal attention. numerous health advantages postbiotic components may soon lead to an increase consumer demand supplements. most recent research aspects food pharmaceutical industries included review. review encompasses brief introduction, classification, production technologies, characterization, biological activities, potential applications postbiotics.

Language: Английский

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Urolithins: a Comprehensive Update on their Metabolism, Bioactivity, and Associated Gut Microbiota

Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 66(21)

Published: Feb. 4, 2022

Urolithins, metabolites produced by the gut microbiota from polyphenols ellagitannins and ellagic acid, are discovered research group in humans almost 20 years ago. Pioneering suggests urolithins as pleiotropic bioactive contributors to explain health benefits after consuming ellagitannin-rich sources (pomegranates, walnuts, strawberries, etc.). Here, this study comprehensively updates knowledge on urolithins, emphasizing review of literature published during last 5 years. To date, 13 their corresponding conjugated (glucuronides, sulfates, etc.) have been described and, depending urolithin, detected different human fluids tissues (urine, blood, feces, breastmilk, prostate, colon, breast tissues). There has a substantial advance microorganisms involved urolithin production, along with compositional functional characterization associated metabolism that gives rise so-called metabotypes (UM-A, UM-B, UM-0), relevant health. The design vitro studies using physiologically assay conditions (molecular forms concentrations) is still pending subject, making some reported activities questionable. In contrast, remarkable progress made safety, bioactivity, mechanisms A, including first interventions.

Language: Английский

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The interplay between diet and the gut microbiome: implications for health and disease

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(11), P. 671 - 686

Published: July 15, 2024

Language: Английский

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Postbiotics as the new frontier in food and pharmaceutical research

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 63(26), P. 8375 - 8402

Published: March 29, 2022

Food is the essential need of human life and has nutrients that support growth health. Gastrointestinal tract microbiota involves valuable microorganisms develop therapeutic effects are characterized as probiotics. The investigations on appropriate probiotic strains have led to characterization specific metabolic byproducts probiotics named postbiotics. must maintain their survival against inappropriate lethal conditions processing, storage, distribution, preparation, digestion system so they can exhibit most health effects. Conversely, metabolites (postbiotics) successfully overcome these unfavorable may be an alternative Due chemical structure, safe profile, long shelf-life, fact contain various signaling molecules, postbiotics anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive properties, inhibiting abnormal cell proliferation antioxidative activities. Consequently, present scientific literature approves mimic fundamental clinical role probiotics, due unique characteristics, applied in oral delivery (pharmaceutical/functional foods), a preharvest food safety hurdle, promote shelf-life products novel functional foods or/and for developing benefits, aims. This review addresses latest postbiotic applications with regard pharmaceutical formulations commercial food-based products. Potential promotion host status, prevention disease, complementary treatment also reviewed.

Language: Английский

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The Impact of Ellagitannins and Their Metabolites through Gut Microbiome on the Gut Health and Brain Wellness within the Gut–Brain Axis

Foods, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(2), P. 270 - 270

Published: Jan. 6, 2023

Ellagitannins (ETs) are a large group of bioactive compounds found in plant-source foods, such as pomegranates, berries, and nuts. The consumption ETs has often been associated with positive effects on many pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative syndromes, cancer. Although multiple biological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, chemopreventive) have discussed for ETs, their limited bioavailability prevents reaching significant concentrations systemic circulation. Instead, urolithins, ET gut microbiota-derived metabolites, better absorbed could be the molecules responsible antioxidant anti-inflammatory or anti-tumor cell progression. In this review, we examined dietary sources, metabolism, analyzed last recent findings ellagic acid, intestinal brain activities, potential mechanisms action, connection between microbiota metabolism consequences detected gut–brain axis. current vitro, vivo, clinical studies indicate that ET-rich individual microbiomes, urolithin types modulate signaling pathways promote beneficial health effects. A understanding role these metabolites disease pathogenesis may assist prevention treatment pathologies targeting

Language: Английский

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