Evolution of the SARS‐CoV‐2 omicron variants BA.1 to BA.5: Implications for immune escape and transmission

Reviews in Medical Virology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 32(5)

Published: July 20, 2022

Abstract The first dominant SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron variant BA.1 harbours 35 mutations in its Spike protein from the original that emerged late 2019. Soon after discovery, rapidly to become worldwide and has since evolved into several variants. is of major public health concern owing high infectivity antibody evasion. This review article examines theories have been proposed on evolution including zoonotic spillage, infection immunocompromised individuals cryptic spread community without being diagnosed. Added complexity Omicron's are multiple reports recombination events occurring between co‐circulating variants with Delta other such as XE. Current literature suggests combination novel resulted having higher than Wuhan‐Hu‐1 variant. However, severity believed be less reduced syncytia formation lower multiplication human lung tissue. Perhaps most challenging studies indicate efficacy available vaccines against (8–127 times reduction) compared administration booster vaccine, however, compensates reduction improves by 12–35 fold. Concerningly though, broadly neutralising monoclonal antibodies, those approved FDA for therapeutic use previous variants, mostly ineffective exception Sotrovimab recent suggest BA.2 also resistant Sotrovimab. Currently two new BA.4 BA.5 emerging reported more transmissible immunity generated antibodies. As will likely continue emerge it important evolution, biological consequences mutations, existing well understood.

Language: Английский

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CRISPR-Cas13a-powered electrochemical biosensor for the detection of the L452R mutation in clinical samples of SARS-CoV-2 variants

Journal of Nanobiotechnology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: April 29, 2023

Since the end of 2019, a highly contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has deprived numerous lives worldwide, called COVID-19. Up to date, omicron is latest variant concern, and BA.5 replacing BA.2 become main subtype rampaging worldwide. These subtypes harbor an L452R mutation, which increases their transmissibility among vaccinated people. Current methods for identifying SARS-CoV-2 variants are mainly based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed gene sequencing, making time-consuming processes expensive instrumentation indispensable. In this study, we developed rapid ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor achieve goals high sensitivity, ability distinguishing variants, direct detection RNAs from viruses simultaneously. We used electrodes made MXene-AuNP (gold nanoparticle) composites improved sensitivity CRISPR/Cas13a system specificity in detecting single-base mutation clinical samples. Our will be excellent supplement RT-qPCR method enabling early diagnosis quick distinguishment Omicron more potential that might arise future.

Language: Английский

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Rethinking next-generation vaccines for coronaviruses, influenzaviruses, and other respiratory viruses

Cell Host & Microbe, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 31(1), P. 146 - 157

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Language: Английский

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The Delta and Omicron Variants of SARS-CoV-2: What We Know So Far

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(11), P. 1926 - 1926

Published: Nov. 14, 2022

The world has not yet completely overcome the fear of havoc brought by SARS-CoV-2. virus undergone several mutations since its initial appearance in China December 2019. Several variations (i.e., B.1.616.1 (Kappa variant), B.1.617.2 (Delta B.1.617.3, and BA.2.75 (Omicron variant)) have emerged throughout pandemic, altering virus's capacity to spread, risk profile, even symptoms. Humanity faces a serious threat as long keeps adapting changing fundamental function evade immune system. Delta variant two escape alterations, E484Q L452R, well other mutations; most notable these is P681R, which expected boost infectivity, whereas Omicron about 60 with certain deletions insertions. 40-60% more contagious comparison Alpha variant. Additionally, AY.1 lineage, also known "Delta plus" variant, surfaced result mutation was one causes life-threatening second wave coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Nevertheless, recent variants represent reminder that COVID-19 epidemic far from ending. sparked fervor investigation on why initially appeared propagate so much rapidly than three concerns (VOCs), whether it threatening those ways, how type mutations, induce minor changes proteins, can wreck trouble. This review sheds light pathogenicity, treatments, impact vaccine efficacy

Language: Английский

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Insights for COVID-19 in 2023

Revista Española de Quimioterapia, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 36(2), P. 114 - 124

Published: Dec. 12, 2022

Predictions for a near end of the pandemic by World Health Organization should be interpreted with caution. Current evidence indicates that efficacy fourth dose classical mRNA vaccines (BT162b2 or mRNA-1273) is low and short-lived in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection its predominant variant (Omicron). However, high against severe symptomatic infection, hospitalization death. The new being introduced are bivalent active Omicron variants. Potential to coming year include vaccine based on recombinant protein emulates receptor binding domain Spike under development Spanish company Hipra, as well nasal oral administration. Available information suggests COVID-19 can administered association influenza vaccination without particular complications. New drugs COVID-19, both antiviral anti-inflammatory, investigation, but this does not seem case monoclonal antibodies. indication use masks some circumstances will maintained next view accumulation scientific data their efficacy. Finally, long COVID Post-COVID syndrome may continue affect very proportion patients who have had disease, requiring combined diagnostic therapeutic resources.

Language: Английский

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Structural and non-structural proteins in SARS-CoV-2: potential aspects to COVID-19 treatment or prevention of progression of related diseases

Cell Communication and Signaling, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: May 15, 2023

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a new member of the Coronaviridae family known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). There are structural and non-structural proteins (NSPs) in genome this virus. S, M, H, E proteins, NSPs include accessory replicase proteins. The NSP components SARS-CoV-2 play an important role its infectivity, some them may be pathogenesis chronic diseases, including cancer, coagulation disorders, neurodegenerative cardiovascular diseases. interact with targets such angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) receptor. In addition, can stimulate pathological intracellular signaling pathways triggering transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), CD147, Eph receptors, which roles progression diseases like Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, cancers glioblastoma, lung malignancies, leukemias. Several compounds polyphenols, doxazosin, baricitinib, ruxolitinib could inhibit these interactions. It has been demonstrated that spike protein stronger affinity for human ACE2 than SARS-CoV, leading current study to hypothesize newly produced variant Omicron receptor-binding domain (RBD) binds more strongly primary strain. SARS Middle East (MERS) viruses against have become resistant previous vaccines. Therefore, review recent studies performance vaccines their effects on COVID-19 related vital need deal conditions. This examines potential initiation it anticipated serve effective vaccine or treatment Video Abstract.

Language: Английский

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An overview of the vaccine platforms to combat COVID-19 with a focus on the subunit vaccines

Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 178, P. 32 - 49

Published: Feb. 20, 2023

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 and Respiratory Virus Co-Infections: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Viruses, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(4), P. 865 - 865

Published: March 28, 2023

Τhe COVID-19 pandemic highly impacted the circulation, seasonality, and morbidity burden of several respiratory viruses. We reviewed published cases SARS-CoV-2 virus co-infections as 12 April 2022. influenza were reported almost exclusively during first wave. It is possible that overall incidence higher because paucity co-testing for viruses waves when mild might have been missed. Animal models indicate severe lung pathology high fatality; nevertheless, available literature largely inconclusive regarding clinical course prognosis co-infected patients. also importance considering sequence timing each infection; however, there no such information in human cases. Given differences between 2020 2023 terms epidemiology availability vaccines specific treatment against COVID-19, it rational not to extrapolate these early findings present times. expected characteristics will evolve upcoming seasons. Multiplex real-time PCR-based assays developed past two years should be used increase diagnostic infection control capacity, surveillance purposes. share same high-risk groups, essential latter get vaccinated both Further studies are needed elucidate how shaped years, impact prognosis.

Language: Английский

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Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain and their delicate balance between ACE2 affinity and antibody evasion

Protein & Cell, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(6), P. 403 - 418

Published: March 4, 2024

Intensive selection pressure constrains the evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 genomes and results in various novel variants with distinct mutation profiles. Point mutations, particularly those within receptor binding domain (RBD) spike (S) protein, lead to functional alteration both engagement monoclonal antibody (mAb) recognition. Here, we review data RBD point mutations possessed by major discuss their individual effects on ACE2 affinity immune evasion. Many single amino acid substitutions epitopes crucial for evasion capacity may conversely weaken affinity. However, this weakened effect could be largely compensated specific epistatic such as N501Y, thus maintaining overall protein all variants. The predominant direction evolution lies neither promoting nor evading mAb neutralization but a delicate balance between these two dimensions. Together, interprets how efficiently resist meanwhile is maintained, emphasizing significance comprehensive assessment mutations.

Language: Английский

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Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variants: Genetic Impact on Viral Fitness

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(2), P. 184 - 184

Published: Jan. 25, 2024

Over the last three years, pandemic of COVID-19 has had a significant impact on people’s lives and global economy. The incessant emergence variant strains compounded challenges associated with management COVID-19. As predominant from late 2021 to present, Omicron its sublineages, through continuous evolution, have demonstrated iterative viral fitness. comprehensive elucidation biological implications that catalyzed this evolution remains incomplete. In accordance extant research evidence, we provide review subvariants Omicron, delineating alterations in immune evasion, cellular infectivity, cross-species transmission potential. This seeks clarify underpinnings biology within SARS-CoV-2, thereby providing foundation for strategic considerations post-pandemic era

Language: Английский

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