Blood-Brain Barrier Overview: Structural and Functional Correlation

Neural Plasticity, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 2021, P. 1 - 10

Published: Dec. 6, 2021

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a semipermeable and extremely selective system in the central nervous of most vertebrates, that separates blood from brain's extracellular fluid. It plays vital role regulating transport necessary materials for brain function, furthermore, protecting it foreign substances could damage it. In this review, we searched Google Scholar, Pubmed, Web Science, Saudi Digital Library various cells components support development function barrier, as well different pathways to molecules between brain. We also discussed aspects lead BBB dysfunction its neuropathological consequences, with identification some important biomarkers might be used biomarker predict disturbances. This comprehensive overview will pave way future studies focus on developing more specific targeting systems material delivery approach assists combinatorial therapy or nanotherapy destroy modify pathological conditions such tumors stem cell carcinomas.

Language: Английский

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Volumetric Printing Across Melt Electrowritten Scaffolds Fabricates Multi‐Material Living Constructs with Tunable Architecture and Mechanics

Advanced Materials, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 35(32)

Published: April 26, 2023

Major challenges in biofabrication revolve around capturing the complex, hierarchical composition of native tissues. However, individual 3D printing techniques have limited capacity to produce composite biomaterials with multi-scale resolution. Volumetric bioprinting recently emerged as a paradigm-shift biofabrication. This ultrafast, light-based technique sculpts cell-laden hydrogel bioresins into structures layerless fashion, providing enhanced design freedom over conventional bioprinting. it yields prints low mechanical stability, since soft, cell-friendly hydrogels are used. Herein, possibility converge volumetric melt electrowriting, which excels at patterning microfibers, is shown for fabrication tubular hydrogel-based composites behavior. Despite including non-transparent electrowritten scaffolds process, high-resolution bioprinted successfully achieved. Tensile, burst, and bending properties printed tubes tuned altering mesh design, resulting multi-material constructs customizable, anisotropic geometries that better mimic intricate biological structures. As proof-of-concept, engineered obtained by building trilayered vessels, features (valves, branches, fenestrations) can be rapidly using this hybrid approach. multi-technology convergence offers new toolbox manufacturing mechanically tunable living

Language: Английский

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The Crucial Role of the Blood–Brain Barrier in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanisms of Disruption and Therapeutic Implications

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(2), P. 386 - 386

Published: Jan. 9, 2025

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a crucial structure that maintains brain homeostasis by regulating the entry of molecules and cells from bloodstream into central nervous system (CNS). Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Parkinson's disease, well ischemic stroke, compromise integrity BBB. This leads to increased permeability infiltration harmful substances, thereby accelerating neurodegeneration. In this review, we explore mechanisms underlying BBB disruption, including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, vascular dysfunction, loss tight junction integrity, in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. We discuss how breakdown contributes neurotoxicity, abnormal accumulation pathological proteins, all which exacerbate neuronal damage facilitate disease progression. Furthermore, potential therapeutic strategies aimed at preserving or restoring function, anti-inflammatory treatments, antioxidant therapies, approaches enhance integrity. Given role neurodegeneration, maintaining its represents promising approach slow prevent progression

Language: Английский

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Sex differences in the blood–brain barrier: Implications for mental health

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 65, P. 100989 - 100989

Published: March 8, 2022

Prevalence of mental disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are increasing at alarming rates in our societies. Growing evidence points toward sex differences these conditions, high treatment resistance support the need to consider novel biological mechanisms outside neuronal function gain mechanistic insights that could lead innovative therapies. Blood-brain barrier alterations have been reported MDD, BD SZ. Here, we provide an overview sex-specific immune, endocrine, vascular transcriptional-mediated changes affect neurovascular integrity possibly contribute pathogenesis disorders. We also identify pitfalls current literature highlight promising biomarkers. Better understanding how adaptations can health status is essential not only context SZ but cardiovascular diseases stroke which associated with higher prevalence conditions.

Language: Английский

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Treatment effect of DNA framework nucleic acids on diffuse microvascular endothelial cell injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage

Cell Proliferation, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 55(4)

Published: Feb. 21, 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment effect and molecular mechanism tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs), novel self-assembled acid nanomaterials, in diffuse BMEC injury after SAH.tFNAs were synthesized from four ssDNAs. effects tFNAs on SAH-induced explored by a cytotoxicity model induced hemin, breakdown product hemoglobin, vitro mouse SAH via internal carotid artery puncture vivo. Cell viability assays, wound healing transwell tube formation assays performed explore cellular function like angiogenesis.In demonstrated that could alleviate hemin-induced injury, promote angiogenesis, inhibit apoptosis hemin model. In vivo using H&E TEM results jointly indicated attenuate damage caused situ, showing restored number BMECs endothelium layer more tight intercellular connectivity. Histological examination animals confirmed study, as exhibited against cerebral microvascular bed.Our suggests potential ameliorating SAH, which laid theoretical foundation for further use these nanomaterials tissue engineering vascularization.

Language: Английский

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In vivo methods for imaging blood–brain barrier function and dysfunction

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 50(4), P. 1051 - 1083

Published: Nov. 28, 2022

Abstract The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is the interface between central nervous system and systemic circulation. It tightly regulates what enters removed from brain parenchyma fundamental in maintaining homeostasis. Increasingly, BBB recognised as having a significant role numerous neurological disorders, ranging acute disorders (traumatic injury, stroke, seizures) to chronic neurodegeneration (Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, small vessel disease). Numerous approaches have been developed study vitro, vivo, ex vivo. complex multicellular structure effects of disease are difficult recreate accurately functional aspects cannot be easily studied As such, value vivo methods intact overstated. This review discusses function how these affected diseases. then depth several established novel for imaging with focus on MRI, nuclear imaging, high-resolution intravital fluorescence microscopy.

Language: Английский

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Current progression in application of extracellular vesicles in central nervous system diseases

European journal of medical research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 29(1)

Published: Jan. 3, 2024

Abstract Early diagnosis and pharmacological treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases has been a long-standing challenge for clinical research due to the presence blood–brain barrier. Specific proteins RNAs in brain-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) usually reflect corresponding state brain disease, therefore, EVs can be used as diagnostic biomarkers CNS diseases. In addition, engineered fused target cells delivery cargo, demonstrating great potential nanocarrier platform. We review progress markers drug carriers neurological The main areas include visual imaging, biomarker loading therapy different types It is hoped that increased knowledge will facilitate their translation

Language: Английский

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Anticonvulsant Effects of Synthetic N-(3-Methoxybenzyl)oleamide and N-(3-Methoxybenzyl)linoleamide Macamides: An In Silico and In Vivo Study

Molecules, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 30(2), P. 333 - 333

Published: Jan. 15, 2025

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that affects nearly 50 million people worldwide. Experimental evidence suggests epileptic neurons are linked to the endocannabinoid system and inhibition of FAAH enzyme could have neuroprotective effects by increasing levels endogenous anandamide. In this context, use macamides as therapeutic agents in diseases has increased recent years. With similar structure anandamide, several theories point FAAH-macamide interaction possible cause enzymatic inhibition. work, we used silico vivo techniques analyze potential effect three synthetic treatment epilepsy: N-3-methoxybenzyl-oleamide (3-MBO), N-3-methoxybenzyl-linoleamide (3-MBL), N-3-methoxybenzyl-linolenamide (3-MBN). first stage, an analysis was conducted explore energetic affinity these with rFAAH their inhibitory effect. MD simulations, molecular docking, MM/PBSA calculations were for purposes. Based on our results, selected two best performed study male Sprague Dawley rat models. Rats subjected induction status intraperitoneal injection pilocarpine analyzed according Racine scale. results showed "plugging" membrane access channel active site On other hand, anticonvulsant both macamides, 3-MBL being most active, resulting higher survival probability rats. This work represents one studies epilepsy.

Language: Английский

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Involvement of RhoA/ROCK Signaling Pathway in Methamphetamine-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption

Biomolecules, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(3), P. 340 - 340

Published: Feb. 27, 2025

Methamphetamine (METH) is a powerful addictive psychostimulant that gives rise to severe abusers worldwide. While many studies have reported on the neurotoxicity of METH, blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction has recently attracted attention as an essential target in METH-induced pathological changes brain. However, its mechanism not been fully understood. We found METH increased paracellular permeability and decreased vascular integrity through FITC–dextran trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) assay primary human brain endothelial cells (HBMECs). Also, redistribution tight junction proteins (zonula occluden-1 claudin-5) reorganization F-actin cytoskeleton were observed METH-exposed HBMECs. To determine BBB disruption, RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway was examined METH-treated METH-activated RhoA, followed by increase phosphorylation downstream effectors, myosin light chain (MLC) cofilin, occurs Pretreatment with ROCK inhibitors Y-27632 fasudil reduced MLC preventing cytoskeletal reorganization. Moreover, leakage alleviated vitro vivo. Taken together, these results suggest induces activating pathway, which via

Language: Английский

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The relationship between chronic immune response and neurodegenerative damage in long COVID-19

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Dec. 16, 2022

In the past two years, world has faced pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which August of 2022 infected around 619 million people and death 6.55 individuals globally. Although SARS-CoV-2 mainly affects tract level, there are several reports, indicating that other organs such as heart, kidney, pancreas, brain can also be damaged. A characteristic observed in blood serum samples patients suffering COVID-19 disease moderate stages, is a significant increase proinflammatory cytokines interferon-α (IFN-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) interleukin-18 (IL-18), well presence autoantibodies against interferon-λ (IFN-λ), C-C motif chemokine ligand 26 (CCL26), CXC 12 (CXCL12), family with sequence similarity 19 (chemokine (C-C motif)-like) member A4 (FAM19A4), 1 (CCL1). Interestingly, it been described chronic cytokinemia related to alterations blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability induction neurotoxicity. Furthermore, generation processes neurogenesis, neuronal repair, chemotaxis optimal microglia function. These observations support notion who survived present neurological sequelae neuropsychiatric disorders. The goal this review explore relationship between inflammatory humoral immune markers major damage manifested post-COVID-19 patients.

Language: Английский

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