Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Circulation, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 143(21)

Published: April 22, 2021

The global obesity epidemic is well established, with increases in prevalence for most countries since the 1980s. Obesity contributes directly to incident cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and sleep disorders. also leads development of disease mortality independently other factors. More recent data highlight abdominal obesity, as determined by waist circumference, a marker that independent body mass index. There have been significant advances imaging modalities characterizing composition, visceral adiposity. Studies quantify fat depots, ectopic fat, support excess adiposity an indicator poor outcomes. Lifestyle modification subsequent weight loss improve both metabolic syndrome associated systemic inflammation endothelial dysfunction. However, clinical trials medical not demonstrated reduction coronary artery rates. In contrast, prospective studies comparing patients undergoing bariatric surgery nonsurgical shown reduced surgery. this statement, we summarize impact on diagnosis, management, outcomes atherosclerotic disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, especially sudden cardiac death atrial fibrillation. particular, examine influence noninvasive invasive diagnostic procedures disease. Moreover, review function related failure preserved ejection fraction. Finally, describe effects lifestyle surgical interventions

Language: Английский

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Endothelial Dysfunction in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases and Beyond: From Mechanism to Pharmacotherapies

Pharmacological Reviews, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 73(3), P. 924 - 967

Published: June 4, 2021

The endothelium, a cellular monolayer lining the blood vessel wall, plays critical role in maintaining multiorgan health and homeostasis. Endothelial functions include dynamic maintenance of vascular tone, angiogenesis, hemostasis, provision an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic interface. Dysfunction endothelium presents with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation, heightened oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, leukocyte adhesion hyperpermeability, endothelial cell senescence. Recent studies have implicated altered metabolism endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition as new features dysfunction. dysfunction is regarded hallmark many diverse human panvascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes. has also been severe coronavirus disease 2019. Many clinically used pharmacotherapies, ranging from traditional lipid-lowering drugs, antihypertensive antidiabetic drugs to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors interleukin 1β monoclonal antibodies, counter part their clinical benefits. regulation by noncoding RNAs provided novel insights into these newly described regulators dysfunction, thus yielding potential therapeutic approaches. Altogether, better understanding versatile (dys)functions cells will not only deepen our comprehension diseases but accelerate effective drug discovery. In this review, we provide timely overview multiple layers function, describe consequences mechanisms identify pathways targeted therapies.

Significance Statement

was initially considered be semipermeable biomechanical barrier gatekeeper health. recent decades, deepened biological led its recognition ubiquitous tissue regulating behavior, innate immunity, cell-cell interactions, wall. cardiovascular, metabolic, emerging infectious diseases. Pharmacotherapies targeting for treatment cardiovascular other

Language: Английский

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Aging, Immunity, and COVID-19: How Age Influences the Host Immune Response to Coronavirus Infections?

Frontiers in Physiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Jan. 12, 2021

The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 causing the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has ravaged world with over 72 million total cases and 1.6 deaths worldwide as of early December 2020. An overwhelming preponderance is observed within elderly population, especially in those pre-existing conditions comorbidities. Aging causes numerous biological changes immune system, which are linked to age-related illnesses susceptibility infectious diseases. Age-related influence host response therefore not only weaken ability fight infections but also mount effective responses vaccines. Immunosenescence inflamm-aging considered key features aging system wherein accumulation senescent cells contribute its decline simultaneously increased inflammatory phenotypes cause dysfunction. quantitative qualitative affect soluble mediators both innate adaptive lymphoid non-lymphoid peripheral tissues. These determine infections, progression clinical outcomes thereafter. Furthermore, therapeutics vaccines influenced by system. Therefore, better understanding pathophysiology will help understand diseases guide targeted management strategies for deadly like COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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Central fatness and risk of all cause mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 72 prospective cohort studies

BMJ, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. m3324 - m3324

Published: Sept. 23, 2020

Abstract Objective To quantify the association of indices central obesity, including waist circumference, hip thigh waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height waist-to-thigh body adiposity index, and A shape with risk all cause mortality in general population, to clarify dose-response relations. Design Systematic review meta-analysis. Data sources PubMed Scopus from inception July 2019, reference lists related articles reviews. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Prospective cohort reporting estimates across at least three categories fatness. Studies that reported continuous estimation associations were also included. synthesis random effects meta-analysis was conducted assess linear trend estimations. one stage mixed used estimating curves. Results Of 98 745 screened, 1950 full texts fully reviewed eligibility. The final analyses consisted 72 prospective 2 528 297 participants. summary hazard ratios as follows: circumference (10 cm, 3.94 inch increase): 1.11 (95% confidence interval 1.08 1.13, I =88%, n=50); 0.90 (0.81 0.99, =95%, n=9); (5 1.97 0.82 (0.75 0.89, =54%, n=3); ratio (0.1 unit 1.20 (1.15 1.25, =90%, n=31); 1.24 (1.12 1.36, =94%, n=11); 1.21 (1.03 1.39, =97%, n=2); index (10% 1.17 (1.00 1.33, =75%, n=4); (0.005 1.15 (1.10 1.20, =87%, n=9). Positive persisted after accounting mass index. nearly J shaped found between men women. positive monotonic observed U Conclusions Indices fatness independent overall adiposity, positively significantly associated a higher risk. Larger lower results suggest measures could be supplementary approach determine premature death.

Language: Английский

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AMPK, Mitochondrial Function, and Cardiovascular Disease

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(14), P. 4987 - 4987

Published: July 15, 2020

Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is in charge of numerous catabolic and anabolic signaling pathways to sustain appropriate intracellular adenosine triphosphate levels response energetic and/or cellular stress. In addition its conventional roles as an energy switch or fuel gauge, emerging research has shown that AMPK also a redox sensor modulator, playing pivotal maintaining cardiovascular processes inhibiting disease progression. Pharmacological reagents, including statins, metformin, berberine, polyphenol, resveratrol, all which are widely used therapeutics for disorders, appear deliver their protective/therapeutic effects partially via modulation. The functions during health far from clear. Accumulating studies have demonstrated crosstalk between mitochondria, such regulation mitochondrial homeostasis dysfunction causing abnormal activity. this review, we begin with the description structure regulation, then focus on recent advances toward understanding how controls AMPK, central mediator stress, maintains homeostasis. Finally, systemically review dysfunctional contributes initiation progression diseases impact function.

Language: Английский

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Endothelial Glycocalyx

Comprehensive physiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 3781 - 3811

Published: Aug. 23, 2022

The glycocalyx is a polysaccharide structure that protrudes from the body of cell. It primarily conformed glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which provide communication, electrostatic charge, ionic buffering, permeability, mechanosensation-mechanotransduction capabilities to cells. In blood vessels, endothelial projects into vascular lumen separates wall circulating blood. Such physical location allows number its components, including sialic acid, glypican-1, heparan sulfate, hyaluronan, participate in flow-dependent shear stress, results synthesis nitric oxide flow-mediated vasodilation. also participates regulation permeability modulation inflammatory responses, processes leukocyte rolling extravasation. Its structural architecture negative charge work prevent macromolecules greater than approximately 70 kDa cationic molecules binding flowing out vasculature. This prevents extravasation pathogens such as bacteria virus, well tumor Due constant exposure enzymes neuraminidase, heparanase, hyaluronidase, matrix metalloproteinases, continuous process degradation renovation. A balance favoring associated with variety pathologies atherosclerosis, hypertension, aging, metastatic cancer, diabetic vasculopathies. Consequently, ongoing research efforts are focused on deciphering mechanisms promote or limit syntheses, therapeutic approaches improve integrity goal reducing disease. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-31, 2022.

Language: Английский

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Obesity and dyslipidemia in early life: Impact on cardiometabolic risk

Metabolism, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 156, P. 155919 - 155919

Published: April 21, 2024

Language: Английский

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Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(3), P. 1008 - 1008

Published: Jan. 24, 2025

This comprehensive review aims to provide a thorough overview of the vital role that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play in endothelial dysfunction, particularly emphasizing how physiological factors—such as sex and aging—along with significant cardiovascular risk factors, influence this process. The covers studies ranging from first description EVs 1945 contemporary insights into their biological roles intercellular signaling dysfunction. A analysis peer-reviewed articles reviews indexed PubMed database was conducted compile information. Initially, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms included keywords aimed at providing general knowledge about regulation signaling, such “extracellular vesicles”, “endothelium”, “intercellular signaling”. Subsequently, related pathophysiological implications EV interactions dysfunction disease were added, including “cardiovascular disease”, “sex”, “aging”, “atherosclerosis”, “obesity”, “diabetes”. Additionally, potential applications explored using MeSH “biomarker”, “therapeutic strategy”. results bibliographical reveal have capacity induce various cellular responses within system complex landscape disease. composition cargo is subject modification by conditions sex, aging, which result regulatory on function neighboring cells when released dysfunctional endothelium. Moreover, data suggest field still requires further exploration, biology continuously evolving, presenting dynamic engaging area for research. deeper understanding molecular involved EV–endothelium could yield valuable biomarkers monitoring progression facilitate development innovative bioengineered therapeutic strategies enhance patient outcomes.

Language: Английский

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Obesity and COVID-19: Molecular Mechanisms Linking Both Pandemics

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(16), P. 5793 - 5793

Published: Aug. 12, 2020

The coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 pandemic is rapidly spreading worldwide and becoming a major public health crisis. Increasing evidence demonstrates strong correlation between obesity the disease. We have summarized recent studies addressed impact of on in terms hospitalization, severity, mortality, patient outcome. discuss potential molecular mechanisms whereby contributes to pathogenesis COVID-19. In addition obesity-related deregulated immune response, chronic inflammation, endothelium imbalance, metabolic dysfunction, its associated comorbidities, dysfunctional mesenchymal stem cells/adipose-derived cells may also play crucial roles fueling systemic inflammation contributing cytokine storm promoting pulmonary fibrosis causing lung functional failure, characteristic severe Moreover, compromise motile cilia airway epithelial impair functioning mucociliary escalators, reducing clearance acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). Obese diseased adipose tissues overexpress receptors proteases for SARS-CoV-2 entry, implicating possible as virus reservoir accelerator reinforcing violent response. Finally, anti-inflammatory cytokines like anti-interleukin 6 administration stromal/stem serve modulatory therapies supportively combating Obesity conversely related development through numerous individuals with belong COVID-19-susceptible population requiring more protective measures.

Language: Английский

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Shared pathways for neuroprogression and somatoprogression in neuropsychiatric disorders

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 107, P. 862 - 882

Published: Sept. 20, 2019

Language: Английский

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