Exosomes─Nature’s Lipid Nanoparticles, a Rising Star in Drug Delivery and Diagnostics

ACS Nano, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 16(11), P. 17802 - 17846

Published: Nov. 10, 2022

Exosomes are a subgroup of nanosized extracellular vesicles enclosed by lipid bilayer membrane and secreted most eukaryotic cells. They represent route intercellular communication participate in wide variety physiological pathological processes. The biological roles exosomes rely on their bioactive cargos, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, which delivered to target Their distinctive properties─innate stability, low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, good biomembrane penetration capacity─allow them function as superior natural nanocarriers for efficient drug delivery. Another notably favorable clinical application is diagnostics. hold various biomolecules from host cells, indicative pathophysiological conditions; therefore, they considered vital biomarker discovery Here, we use data the CAS Content Collection provide landscape overview current state delineate trends research advancement exosome applications therapeutics diagnostics across time, geography, composition, cargo loading, development pipelines. We discuss composition pathway, biogenesis secretion cells recipient cell uptake. assess methods isolation purification, therapy diagnostics, pipelines, exploration goals companies, assortment diseases aim treat, stages research, publication trends. hope this review will be useful understanding knowledge field medical exosomes, an effort further solve remaining challenges fulfilling potential.

Language: Английский

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Recent advances of small extracellular vesicle biomarkers in breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis

Molecular Cancer, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: Feb. 16, 2023

Abstract Current clinical tools for breast cancer (BC) diagnosis are insufficient but liquid biopsy of different bodily fluids has recently emerged as a minimally invasive strategy that provides real-time snapshot tumour biomarkers early diagnosis, active surveillance progression, and post-treatment recurrence. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) nano-sized membranous structures 50–1000 nm in diameter released by cells into biological fluids. EVs contain proteins, nucleic acids, lipids which play pivotal roles tumourigenesis metastasis through cell-to-cell communication. Proteins miRNAs from small (sEV), range size 50–150 nm, being investigated potential source novel BC using mass spectrometry-based proteomics next-generation sequencing. This review covers recent developments sEV isolation single analysis technologies summarises the protein miRNA identified prognosis, chemoresistance. The limitations current biomarker research discussed along with future perspective applications.

Language: Английский

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Exosome as drug delivery system: Current advancements

Extracellular Vesicle, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 3, P. 100032 - 100032

Published: Dec. 9, 2023

Exosomes are nanovesicles released from cells due to pathophysiological events. These nanoparticles resistant metabolic destruction and can transcend the blood-brain barrier. Exosome therapy could be employed as precision medicine by targeting underlying etiology. This article briefly elucidates basic physiology of exosomes, their types, characteristics, cargo that for drug administration. It then delves into therapeutic applications, such oncology, neurological disorders, regenerative medicine. Exosome-based delivery using small molecules, nucleic acids, proteins is also demonstrated. Finally, global organizations successfully creating testing medicinal biomaterials highlighted.

Language: Английский

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Exosome-based delivery strategies for tumor therapy: an update on modification, loading, and clinical application

Journal of Nanobiotechnology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: Jan. 28, 2024

Malignancy is a major public health problem and among the leading lethal diseases worldwide. Although current tumor treatment methods have therapeutic effect to certain extent, they still some shortcomings such as poor water solubility, short half-life, local systemic toxicity. Therefore, how deliver agent so realize safe effective anti-tumor therapy become urgently be solved in this field. As medium of information exchange material transport between cells, exosomes are considered promising drug delivery carrier due their nano-size, good biocompatibility, natural targeting, easy modification. In review, we summarize recent advances isolation, identification, loading, modification carriers for alongside application therapy. Basic knowledge exosomes, biogenesis, sources, characterization methods, also introduced herein. addition, challenges related use vehicles discussed, along with future trends. This review provides scientific basis exosome systems oncological

Language: Английский

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Extracellular vesicles in nanomedicine and regenerative medicine: A review over the last decade

Bioactive Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 36, P. 126 - 156

Published: March 2, 2024

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are known to be secreted by a vast majority of cells. These sEVs, specifically exosomes, induce specific cell-to-cell interactions and can activate signaling pathways in recipient cells through fusion or interaction. nanovesicles possess several desirable properties, making them ideal for regenerative medicine nanomedicine applications. properties include exceptional stability, biocompatibility, wide biodistribution, minimal immunogenicity. However, the practical utilization particularly clinical settings at large scale, is hindered expensive procedures required their isolation, limited circulation lifetime, suboptimal targeting capacity. Despite these challenges, sEVs have demonstrated remarkable ability accommodate various cargoes found extensive applications biomedical sciences. To overcome limitations broaden potential applications, researchers should strive deepen understanding current loading, characterization techniques. Additionally, acquiring fundamental knowledge about origins employing state-of-the-art methodologies expand research scope. This review provides comprehensive overview exosome-based strategies diverse domains, encompassing cancer therapy, immunotherapy, biomarker Furthermore, we emphasize immense exosomes medicine.

Language: Английский

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Comparison of the efficiency of ultrafiltration, precipitation, and ultracentrifugation methods for exosome isolation

Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 38, P. 101668 - 101668

Published: Feb. 21, 2024

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are enclosed by a lipid-bilayer membrane and secreted all types of cells. They classified into three groups: apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, exosomes. Exosomes play number important roles in the intercellular communication crosstalk between tissues body. In this study, we use common methods based on different principles for exosome isolation, namely ultrafiltration, precipitation, ultracentrifugation. We field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses characterization The functionality effect isolated exosomes viability hypoxic cells was investigated alamarBlue Flow-cytometry. results FESEM study show that ultrafiltration method isolates with higher variability shapes sizes when compared to precipitation ultracentrifugation methods. DLS mean size 122, 89, 60 nm respectively. AlamarBlue analysis increase damaged 11%, 15%, 22%, Flow-cytometry also these content live 9%, 20%, This shows characterized smaller narrow distribution. Furthermore, more homogenous particles increased efficiency protection comparison two other

Language: Английский

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Hydrogel-exosome system in tissue engineering: A promising therapeutic strategy

Bioactive Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 38, P. 1 - 30

Published: April 23, 2024

Characterized by their pivotal roles in cell-to-cell communication, cell proliferation, and immune regulation during tissue repair, exosomes have emerged as a promising avenue for "cell-free therapy" clinical applications. Hydrogels, possessing commendable biocompatibility, degradability, adjustability, physical properties akin to biological tissues, also found extensive utility engineering regenerative repair. The synergistic combination of hydrogels holds the potential not only enhance efficiency but collaboratively advance repair process. This review has summarized advancements made over past decade research hydrogel-exosome systems regenerating various tissues including skin, bone, cartilage, nerves tendons, with focus on methods encapsulating releasing within hydrogels. It critically examined gaps limitations current research, whilst proposed future directions applications this innovative approach.

Language: Английский

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Exploring the Versatility of Exosomes: A Review on Isolation, Characterization, Detection Methods, and Diverse Applications

Analytical Chemistry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 95(44), P. 16029 - 16048

Published: Oct. 24, 2023

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial mediators of intercellular communication and can be classified based on their physical properties, biomolecular structure, origin. Among EVs, exosomes have garnered significant attention due to potential as therapeutic diagnostic tools. Exosomes released via fusion multivesicular bodies plasma membranes isolated from various biofluids using methods such differential ultracentrifugation, immune affinity capture, ultrafiltration, size exclusion chromatography. Herein, an overview different techniques for exosome characterization isolation, well the diverse applications detection, including use in drug delivery disease diagnosis, is provided. Additionally, we discuss emerging field detection by sensors, which offers up-and-coming avenue point-of-care tools development. Overall, this review aims provide a exhaustive up-to-date summary current state research.

Language: Английский

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Digging the intercellular crosstalk via extracellular vesicles: May exosomes be the drug delivery solution for target glioblastoma?

Journal of Controlled Release, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 358, P. 98 - 115

Published: April 29, 2023

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an adult's most aggressive brain tumor. The advances in molecular pathology and cell signaling pathways have deepened researchers' understanding of intercellular communication mechanisms that can induce tumor progression, namely the release extracellular vesicles. Exosomes are small vesicles various biological fluids released by almost all cells, thus carrying biomolecules specific to their parental cell. Several pieces evidence indicate exosomes mediate microenvironment cross blood-brain barrier (BBB), valuable tools for diagnostic therapeutic applications under scope diseases such as tumors. This review aims resume several characteristics interplay between glioblastoma exosomes, describing highlight studies demonstrate role GBM potential non-invasive diagnoses approaches, namely, nanocarriers drug or gene delivery cancer vaccines.

Language: Английский

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Exosomes in Cancer Progression and Therapy Resistance: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities

Life, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(10), P. 2033 - 2033

Published: Oct. 9, 2023

The development of therapy resistance still represents a major hurdle in treating cancers, leading to impaired treatment success and increased patient morbidity. establishment minimally invasive liquid biopsies is promising approach improving the early diagnosis, as well monitoring, solid tumors. Because their manifold functions tumor microenvironment, tumor-associated small extracellular vesicles, referred exosomes, have become subject intense research. Besides important roles cancer progression, metastasis, immune response, it has been proposed that exosomes also contribute acquisition transfer resistance, mainly by delivering functional proteins RNAs, facilitating export active drugs or functioning decoys. Extensive research focused on understanding molecular mechanisms underlying occurrence translating these into strategies for detection. With this review, we want provide an overview current knowledge about (patho-)biology state-of-the-art methods isolation analysis. Furthermore, highlight role tumorigenesis treatment, where they can function therapeutic agents, biomarkers, and/or targets. By focusing will reveal new paths exploiting diagnosis treatment.

Language: Английский

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