Long COVID in Children and Adolescents: Mechanisms, Symptoms, and Long-Term Impact on Health—A Comprehensive Review

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(2), P. 378 - 378

Published: Jan. 9, 2025

Long COVID, also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), is increasingly recognized a condition affecting not only adults but children and adolescents. While often experience milder acute COVID-19 symptoms compared to adults, some develop persistent physical, psychological, neurological lasting for weeks or months after initial infection. The most commonly reported include debilitating fatigue, respiratory issues, headaches, muscle pain, gastrointestinal disturbances, cognitive difficulties, which significantly impact daily activities, schooling, social interactions. Additionally, many with long COVID psychological symptoms, such anxiety, depression, mood swings, irritability, likely exacerbated by prolonged illness lifestyle disruptions. Risk factors in pre-existing health conditions asthma, obesity, disorders, adolescents females seemingly more affected. Hypothesized mechanisms underlying chronic immune dysregulation, viral particles stimulating inflammation, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, mitochondrial impairment, may collectively contribute the variety observed symptoms. Long-term outcomes remain uncertain; however, can lead school absenteeism, withdrawal, distress, potentially development. Severe cases postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) reduced exercise tolerance. This review synthesizes existing literature on children, examining its prevalence, symptomatology, risk factors, potential mechanisms, an emphasis need further clinical studies. research largely relies surveys self-reported data, assessments are essential accurately characterize pediatric populations guide effective management strategies.

Language: Английский

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Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Children With Long COVID: A Case-controlled Study

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 43(8), P. 795 - 802

Published: May 7, 2024

Background: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a noninvasive and nonexpensive diagnostic tool, that provides comprehensive evaluation of the pulmonary, cardiovascular, skeletal muscle systems’ integrated reactions to exercise. CPET has been extensively used in adults with Long COVID (LC), while evidence about its role children this condition scarce. Methods: Prospective, case-controlled observational study. Children LC control group healthy underwent CPET. findings were compared within 2 groups, groups according main clusters persisting symptoms. Results: Sixty-one 29 controls included. Overall, 90.2% patients (55 61) had pathologic test vs 10.3% (3/29) control. presented statistically significant higher probability having abnormal values peak VO2 ( P = 0.001), AT% pred <0.001), VO2/HR % 0.03), work slope 0.002), VE/VCO2 0.01). The mean was 30.17 (±6.85) 34.37 (±6.55) 0.007). Conclusions: Compared controls, have objective impaired functional capacity (expressed by low peak), signs deconditioning cardiogenic inefficiency when assessed As such, should be routinely clinical practice objectify phenotype limitations LC, follow-up them.

Language: Английский

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Characteristics and predictors of Long Covid in children: a 3-year prospective cohort study

EClinicalMedicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 76, P. 102815 - 102815

Published: Sept. 5, 2024

Language: Английский

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Postacute Sequelae of COVID (PASC or Long COVID): An Evidenced-Based Approach

Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11(9)

Published: Aug. 27, 2024

Abstract While the acute manifestations of infectious diseases are well known, in some individuals, symptoms can either persist or appear after period. Postviral fatigue syndromes recognized with other viral infections and described coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We have a growing number individuals that for weeks, months, years. Here, we share evidence regarding abnormalities associated postacute sequelae COVID-19 (PASC) therapeutics. describe physiological biochemical seen reporting PASC. several evidence-based interventions to offer patients. It is expected this understanding mechanisms driving PASC benefits certain therapeutics may not only lead better outcomes those but also potential treating postinfectious sequelae.

Language: Английский

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Prevalence, spectrum, and the relations between short-term and long-term post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 in children

Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 102(1), P. 43 - 61

Published: March 30, 2025

Background. Data on the prevalence of post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) in children differ due to lack specific diagnostic criteria, reliable biomarkers, and limitations many studies. It is important study association between PCC, previous functional disorders, any events post-acute period COVID-19 estimate true burden PCC children. The aim. To determine relation initial disorders during year after a mild form acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) other etiologies. Materials methods. prospective using continuous sampling method included under 18 years age hospitalized with suspected COVID-19, whom was confirmed by RT-PCR (n = 121) or excluded molecular serological methods (ARTI group, n 105). Information patients collected from September 2020 December 2021 questionnaires at index points: hospital discharge 1, 3, 6 12 months. Severe chronic diseases were excluded. Functional anamnesis associated health observation, severity symptoms taken into account. analysis performed groups ≥ age. Symptoms grouped clusters. Results. Any identified frequency 32–39% (in ≥6 years, respectively). most common psycho-emotional, autonomic dysfunction (AD) cluster. cases duration 3–6 After adjustment for age, AD history recurrent ARTI episodes, no difference found symptom clusters except hyposmia, incidence which decreased 14.3% first point 2.4% one year. Among without an year, de novo rare phenomenon (2.7–8.0%) differences controls. risks significantly increased (adjusted OR 1 month 3.19 (95% CI 1.89–5.38), months 3.33 1.81–6.15)). Multiple (5–25) persistent (at all points) rated as significant occurred rarely (1.7% 0.4–4.9)), but more often — 25%) 95% 13.6–39.6%) (difference 23.3% (10.9–35.7%), 14.8 (4.4–50.6), p 0.001). Recurrent episodes risk factor increase cognitive cluster complaints vagotonic observation. Conclusion. results obtained indirectly support concept that somatoform disorder, probably sociogenic nature, who are anxious baseline. Some consequences really need medical psychosocial rehabilitation. provides new insights widespread viral infections.

Language: Английский

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Development and Validation of POCOKIDS‐Q—A Questionnaire to Assess Post COVID‐19 Symptoms in Children

Acta Paediatrica, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 13, 2025

ABSTRACT Aim To identify the symptom burden in children and adolescents with post COVID‐19, a validated reliable instrument is needed, particularly to assess symptoms their impact on child. The aim of this study was describe development, validation, reliability Post COVID‐19 Kids Questionnaire (POCOKIDS‐Q), which designed adolescents. Methods POCOKIDS‐Q developed based literature, clinical experience, questionnaires for adults COVID‐19. linguistic validation involved 9‐ 17‐year‐old children. Children onset were asked complete final version through web link. Exploratory confirmatory factor analyses performed structure that explains covariances between variables. Results link opened 324 times fully completed by 213 (66%) young (median age 14 years) symptoms. Confirmatory revealed four significant correlated factors: brain fatigue, cognitive impact, physical emotional impact. explanatory power model high. Conclusion applicable assessing adults.

Language: Английский

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Children and Long COVID Fatigue

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Holter Monitor Rhythm Parameters in Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Defining Reference Limits With Meta‐Analysis

Journal of the American Heart Association, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 26, 2025

Background Ambulatory electrocardiography has been in clinical use for 5 decades. However, reference limits rhythm parameters healthy infants, children, and adolescents have not adequately defined. We sought to determine these ranges using meta‐analysis of existing published studies 24‐hour Holter monitoring pediatric populations. Methods Multiple literature databases were searched from 1969 May 2024 relevant studies. Data extraction analysis completed according the Meta‐Analysis Observational Studies Epidemiology guidelines. The prevalence cardiac ectopy conduction delays along with mean±SD heart rates obtained grouped by following age ranges: neonates (birth 4 weeks), older infants (1–12 months), younger children (1–6 years), (7–12 (13–18 years). Ninety‐five percent all variables estimated each group. Results Forty‐five including 3886 participants identified analyzed. Minimum, average, maximum during decreased as expected. Prevalence transient first‐degree atrioventricular block Wenckebach second‐degree increased around 14% adolescence. any premature atrial complexes ventricular also highest adolescence at 50% 29%, respectively. upper number per day 150 50 groups groups. Conclusions monitor age‐related are proposed.

Language: Английский

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Post-Acute sequelae of COVID-19 in pediatric patients within the United States: A Scoping Review

American Journal of Medicine Open, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12, P. 100078 - 100078

Published: Sept. 26, 2024

Language: Английский

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Prevalence of symptoms of post‐COVID‐19 condition (long COVID) in children hospitalized with COVID‐19: A systematic review of observational studies

Pediatric Pulmonology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Sept. 16, 2024

Abstract This systematic review aimed to investigate the prevalence of symptoms post‐COVID‐19 condition (long COVID), in children hospitalized with COVID‐19. We searched PUBMED and EMBASE on 15 March, 2023, using search strategy: “long COVID” OR “post‐COVID‐19” “postacute COVID‐19” “long‐term “COVID‐19 sequelae” “persistent “chronic COVID‐19”. included observational studies (case‐control, cross‐sectional, cohort, or case series) that investigated COVID) (<18 years) admitted used WHO definition condition. Long COVID was defined as persistence otherwise unexplained for at least three months after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. command “metaprop” perform random‐effects meta‐analysis. Eleven involving 2279 patients were included. In period between ≥3 <12 acute COVID‐19, most frequent symptom exercise intolerance a pooled 29% (95% CI: 7%–57%, I 2 = 95%), followed by nonspecific respiratory (12%, 95% 0%–48%, 0%), psychological disorders (10%, 1%–25%, 97%), gastrointestinal 0%–37%, 99%). ≥12 initial infection, post lower, 6% 2%–10%, 83%) 3% 0%–8%, 89%) fatigue. conclusion, post‐COVID affect multiple organ systems, higher up 12 phase

Language: Английский

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