Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 20(4), P. 2277 - 2310

Published: April 8, 2022

The increasing global industrialization and over-exploitation of fossil fuels has induced the release greenhouse gases, leading to an increase in temperature causing environmental issues. There is therefore urgent necessity reach net-zero carbon emissions. Only 4.5% countries have achieved neutrality, most are still planning do so by 2050-2070. Moreover, synergies between different hampered adaptation mitigation policies, as well their co-benefits. Here, we present a strategy neutral economy examining outcome goals 26th summit United Nations Climate Change Conference Parties (COP 26). Methods been designed for mapping emissions, such input-output models, spatial systems, geographic information system maps, light detection ranging techniques, logarithmic mean divisia. We decarbonization technologies initiatives, negative emissions technologies, discuss trading tax. propose plans neutrality shifting away from toward renewable energy, development low-carbon agriculture, changing dietary habits value food agricultural waste. Developing resilient buildings cities, introducing decentralized energy electrification transportation sector also necessary. review life cycle analysis systems.

Language: Английский

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Conversion of biomass to biofuels and life cycle assessment: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 19(6), P. 4075 - 4118

Published: July 23, 2021

Abstract The global energy demand is projected to rise by almost 28% 2040 compared current levels. Biomass a promising source for producing either solid or liquid fuels. Biofuels are alternatives fossil fuels reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Nonetheless, policy decisions biofuels should be based on evidence that produced in sustainable manner. To this end, life cycle assessment (LCA) provides information environmental impacts associated with biofuel production chains. Here, we review advances biomass conversion and their impact assessment. Processes gasification, combustion, pyrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis routes fermentation. Thermochemical processes classified into low temperature, below 300 °C, high higher than i.e. combustion pyrolysis. Pyrolysis because it operates at relatively lower temperature of up 500 which 800–1300 °C. We focus 1) the drawbacks advantages thermochemical biochemical various possibility integrating these better process efficiency; 2) methodological approaches key findings from 40 LCA studies pathways published 2019 2021; 3) bibliometric trends knowledge gaps using routes. integration hydrothermal circular economy.

Language: Английский

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Circular economy strategies for combating climate change and other environmental issues

Environmental Chemistry Letters, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 21(1), P. 55 - 80

Published: Sept. 6, 2022

Abstract Global industrialization and excessive dependence on nonrenewable energy sources have led to an increase in solid waste climate change, calling for strategies implement a circular economy all sectors reduce carbon emissions by 45% 2030, achieve neutrality 2050. Here we review with focus management, energy, air water quality, land use, industry, food production, life cycle assessment, cost-effective routes. We observed that increasing the use of bio-based materials is challenge terms cover. Carbon removal technologies are actually prohibitively expensive, ranging from 100 1200 dollars per ton dioxide. Politically, only few companies worldwide set change goals. While can be implemented various such as waste, buildings, transportation, assessment required optimize new systems. Overall, provide theoretical foundation sustainable industrial, agricultural, commercial future constructing routes economy.

Language: Английский

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Biochar for agronomy, animal farming, anaerobic digestion, composting, water treatment, soil remediation, construction, energy storage, and carbon sequestration: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 20(4), P. 2385 - 2485

Published: May 7, 2022

Abstract In the context of climate change and circular economy, biochar has recently found many applications in various sectors as a versatile recycled material. Here, we review application biochar-based for carbon sink, covering agronomy, animal farming, anaerobic digestion, composting, environmental remediation, construction, energy storage. The ultimate storage reservoirs are soils, civil infrastructure, landfills. Biochar-based fertilisers, which combine traditional fertilisers with nutrient carrier, promising agronomy. use feed additive animals shows benefits terms growth, gut microbiota, reduced enteric methane production, egg yield, endo-toxicant mitigation. Biochar enhances digestion operations, primarily biogas generation upgrading, performance sustainability, mitigation inhibitory impurities. composts, controls release greenhouse gases microbial activity. Co-composted improves soil properties crop productivity. Pristine engineered can also be employed water remediation to remove pollutants. added cement or asphalt, thus conferring structural functional advantages. Incorporating biocomposites insulation, electromagnetic radiation protection moisture control. Finally, synthesising materials requires additional functionalisation.

Language: Английский

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Algal biomass valorization for biofuel production and carbon sequestration: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 20(5), P. 2797 - 2851

Published: June 15, 2022

Abstract The world is experiencing an energy crisis and environmental issues due to the depletion of fossil fuels continuous increase in carbon dioxide concentrations. Microalgal biofuels are produced using sunlight, water, simple salt minerals. Their high growth rate, photosynthesis, sequestration capacity make them one most important biorefinery platforms. Furthermore, microalgae's ability alter their metabolism response stresses produce relatively levels high-value compounds makes a promising alternative fuels. As result, microalgae can significantly contribute long-term solutions critical global such as climate change. benefits algal biofuel have been demonstrated by significant reductions dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur oxide emissions. Microalgae-derived biomass has potential generate wide range commercially compounds, novel materials, feedstock for variety industries, including cosmetics, food, feed. This review evaluates microalgal bioenergy carriers, biodiesel from stored lipids, alcohols reserved carbohydrate fermentation, hydrogen, syngas, methane, biochar bio-oils via anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, gasification. use routes atmospheric removal approach being evaluated. cost production primarily determined culturing (77%), harvesting (12%), lipid extraction (7.9%). choice species cultivation mode (autotrophic, heterotrophic, mixotrophic) factors controlling production, well fuel properties. simultaneous agricultural, municipal, or industrial wastewater low-cost option that could reduce economic costs while also providing valuable remediation service. Microalgae proposed viable candidate capture atmosphere point source. sequester 1.3 kg 1 biomass. Using potent strains efficient design bioreactors thus challenge. theoretically up 9% light convert 513 tons into 280 dry per hectare year open closed cultures. integrated bio-refinery recover high-value-added products waste create processing bioenergy. To system, should be coupled with thermochemical technologies, pyrolysis.

Language: Английский

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Green construction for low-carbon cities: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(3), P. 1627 - 1657

Published: Jan. 18, 2023

Abstract The construction industry is a major user of non-renewable energy and contributor to emission greenhouse gases, thus requiring achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. Indeed, activities account for 36% global consumption 39% dioxide emissions. Reducing requires adapted government policies, analysis calculation models, sustainable materials. Here, we review green with focus on history, emissions, life cycle assessment, materials such as biochar, bioplastic, agricultural waste, animal wool, fly ash self-healing concrete. Analysis over the building shows that phase accounts 20–50% total average ratio annual operation 0.62. We present national policy frameworks technology roadmaps from United States America, Japan, China, European Union, highlighting plans neutrality in sector.

Language: Английский

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Biochar as construction materials for achieving carbon neutrality

Biochar, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 4(1)

Published: Oct. 11, 2022

Abstract Biochar is a waste-derived material that can sequester carbon at large scale. The development of low-carbon and sustainable biochar-enhanced construction materials has attracted extensive interest. Biochar, having porous nature highly functionalised surface, provide nucleation sites for chemical reactions exhibit compatibility with cement, asphalt, polymer materials. This study critically reviewed the state-of-the-art materials, including biochar-cement composites, biochar-asphalt biochar-plastic etc. efficacies mechanisms biochar as were articulated to improve their functional properties. critical review highlighted roles in cement hydration, surface groups engineered promoting reactions, value-added merits (such humidity regulation, thermal insulation, noise reduction, air/water purification, electromagnetic shielding, self-sensing). major properties are correlated features functionalities Further advances our understanding biochar’s various composites foster next-generation design carbon–neutral Graphical

Language: Английский

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Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass and waste: A review

Environmental Chemistry Letters, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 20(1), P. 211 - 221

Published: Sept. 14, 2021

Language: Английский

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Seaweed for climate mitigation, wastewater treatment, bioenergy, bioplastic, biochar, food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 21(1), P. 97 - 152

Published: Oct. 8, 2022

Abstract The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues energy, climate change, population growth, food feed shortages, environmental pollution. For instance, the use seaweeds as feedstocks reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure synthesis cost-effective eco-friendly products biofuels, develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, in several biorefineries is still infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed with focus production, economical benefits, feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals cosmetics. Globally, could sequester between 61 268 megatonnes carbon per year, an average 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% sequestered by exporting deep water, while remaining 10% buried coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes replace nearly 40% current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that be applied antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, other cosmetics skincare products.

Language: Английский

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Methanol fuel production, utilization, and techno-economy: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 20(6), P. 3525 - 3554

Published: Aug. 6, 2022

Abstract Climate change and the unsustainability of fossil fuels are calling for cleaner energies such as methanol a fuel. Methanol is one simplest molecules energy storage utilized to generate wide range products. Since can be produced from biomass, numerous countries could produce utilize biomethanol. Here, we review production processes, techno-economy, environmental viability. Lignocellulosic biomass with high cellulose hemicellulose content highly suitable gasification-based biomethanol production. Compared fuels, combustion reduces nitrogen oxide emissions by up 80%, carbon dioxide 95%, eliminates sulphur emission. The cost yield largely depend on feedstock characteristics, initial investment, plant location. use complementary fuel diesel, natural gas, dimethyl ether beneficial in terms economy, thermal efficiency, reduction greenhouse gas emissions.

Language: Английский

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