Systemic insecticides (neonicotinoids and fipronil): trends, uses, mode of action and metabolites

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 22(1), P. 5 - 34

Published: Sept. 18, 2014

Since their discovery in the late 1980s, neonicotinoid pesticides have become most widely used class of insecticides worldwide, with large-scale applications ranging from plant protection (crops, vegetables, fruits), veterinary products, and biocides to invertebrate pest control fish farming. In this review, we address phenyl-pyrazole fipronil together neonicotinoids because similarities toxicity, physicochemical profiles, presence environment. Neonicotinoids currently account for approximately one third world insecticide market; annual production archetype neonicotinoid, imidacloprid, was estimated be ca. 20,000 tonnes active substance 2010. There were several reasons initial success fipronil: (1) there no known pesticide resistance target pests, mainly recent development, (2) properties included many advantages over previous generations (i.e., organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, etc.), (3) they shared an assumed reduced operator consumer risk. Due systemic nature, are taken up by roots or leaves translocated all parts plant, which, turn, makes them effectively toxic herbivorous insects. The toxicity persists a variable period time—depending on its growth stage, amount applied. A wide variety available, including common prophylactic non-Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) application seed coating. As result extensive use properties, these substances can found environmental compartments soil, water, air. operate disrupting neural transmission central nervous system invertebrates. mimic action neurotransmitters, while inhibits neuronal receptors. doing so, continuously stimulate neurons leading ultimately death Like virtually insecticides, also lethal sublethal impacts non-target organisms, insect predators vertebrates. Furthermore, range synergistic effects other stressors been documented. Here, review extensively metabolic pathways, showing how form both compound-specific metabolites which themselves toxic. These may prolonged toxicity. Considering commercial expansion, mode action, plants, persistence fate, coupled limited information about profiles compounds metabolites, entail significant risks global evaluation potential collateral is therefore timely. present paper subsequent chapters literature explore show growing body evidence that persistent, low concentrations pose serious undesirable impacts.

Language: Английский

---

Pesticides, environment, and food safety

Food and Energy Security, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 6(2), P. 48 - 60

Published: May 1, 2017

Abstract Agrochemicals have enabled to more than duplicate food production during the last century, and current need increase feed a rapid growing human population maintains pressure on intensive use of pesticides fertilizers. However, worldwide surveys documented contamination impact agrochemical residues in soils, terrestrial aquatic ecosystems including coastal marine systems, their toxic effects humans nonhuman biota. Although persistent organic chemicals been phased out replaced by biodegradable chemicals, legacy recent still impacts quality food, water, environment. Current future must go along with better less contaminants. Alternative paths crop protection are open, such as genetically engineered organisms, farming, change dietary habits, development technologies. Agro industries further develop advanced practices protect public health, which requires cautious agrochemicals through prior testing, careful risk assessment, licensing, but also education farmers users general, measures for ecosystems, good sustainable agriculture, fisheries, aquaculture. Enhanced scientific research new developments safety, well environmental protection, is necessary part this endeavor. Furthermore, agreement agriculture practices, modified organisms (GMOs) release international may be urgent ensure success safe production.

Language: Английский

---

Environmental fate and exposure; neonicotinoids and fipronil

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 22(1), P. 35 - 67

Published: Aug. 6, 2014

Systemic insecticides are applied to plants using a wide variety of methods, ranging from foliar sprays seed treatments and soil drenches. Neonicotinoids fipronil among the most widely used pesticides in world. Their popularity is largely due their high toxicity invertebrates, ease flexibility with which they can be applied, long persistence, systemic nature, ensures that spread all parts target crop. However, these properties also increase probability environmental contamination exposure nontarget organisms. Environmental occurs via number routes including dust generated during drilling dressed seeds, accumulation arable soils water, runoff into waterways, uptake by roots or deposition on leaves. Persistence soils, variable but prolonged; for example, half-lives neonicotinoids exceed 1,000 days, so accumulate when repeatedly. Similarly, persist woody periods exceeding 1 year. Breakdown results toxic metabolites, though concentrations environment rarely measured. Overall, there strong evidence agricultural environments neighboring areas contaminated levels mixtures metabolites (soil, per billion (ppb)-parts million (ppm) range; trillion (ppt)-ppb plants, ppb-ppm range). This provides multiple chronic (and acute some cases) animals. For pollinators exposed through direct contact drilling; consumption pollen, nectar, guttation drops seed-treated crops, pollen nectar wild flowers trees growing near-treated crops. Studies food stores honeybee colonies across globe demonstrate routinely chronically neonicotinoids, fipronil, (generally 1-100 ppb range), mixed other known act synergistically neonicotinoids. Other organisms, particularly those inhabiting aquatic habitats, herbivorous insects feeding noncrop farmland, will inevitably receive exposure, although data generally lacking groups. We summarize current state knowledge regarding fate compounds outlining what about chemical compounds, placing context modern practices.

Language: Английский

---

Large-Scale Deployment of Seed Treatments Has Driven Rapid Increase in Use of Neonicotinoid Insecticides and Preemptive Pest Management in U.S. Field Crops

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 49(8), P. 5088 - 5097

Published: March 20, 2015

Neonicotinoids are the most widely used class of insecticides worldwide, but patterns their use in U.S. poorly documented, constraining attempts to understand role pest management and potential nontarget effects. We synthesized publicly available data estimate interpret trends neonicotinoid since introduction 1994, with a special focus on seed treatments, major not captured by national pesticide-use survey. Neonicotinoid increased rapidly between 2003 2011, as seed-applied products were introduced field crops, marking an unprecedented shift toward large-scale, preemptive insecticide use: 34–44% soybeans 79–100% maize hectares treated 2011. This finding contradicts recent analyses, which concluded that today fewer than decade or two ago. If current continue, will increase further through application more soybean other crop species escalation per-seed rates. Alternatively, our results, suggest carefully targeted efforts could considerably reduce crops without yield declines economic harm farmers, reducing for resistance, outbreaks, environmental contamination, wildlife, including pollinator species.

Language: Английский

---

Effects of Neonicotinoid Pesticide Exposure on Human Health: A Systematic Review

Environmental Health Perspectives, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 125(2), P. 155 - 162

Published: July 6, 2016

Background:Numerous studies have identified detectable levels of neonicotinoids (neonics) in the environment, adverse effects neonics many species, including mammals, and pathways through which human exposure to could occur, yet little is known about health neonic exposure.Objective:In this systematic review, we sought identify population on neonics.Methods:Studies published English between 2005 2015 were searched using PubMed, Scopus, Web Science databases. No restrictions placed type outcome assessed. Risk bias was assessed guidance developed by National Toxicology Program's Office Health Assessment Translation.Results:Eight investigating identified. Four examined acute exposure: Three poisoning reported two fatalities (n = 1,280 cases) an occupational study 19 forestry workers no effects. general associations chronic developmental or neurological outcomes, tetralogy Fallot (AOR 2.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 5.4), anencephaly 2.9, 1.0, 8.2), autism spectrum disorder [AOR 1.3, credible interval (CrI): 0.78, 2.2], a symptom cluster memory loss finger tremor (OR 14, 3.5, 57). Reported odds ratios based exposed compared unexposed groups.Conclusions:The conducted date limited number with suggestive but methodologically weak findings related exposure. Given wide-scale use neonics, more are needed fully understand their health.Citation:Cimino AM, Boyles AL, Thayer KA, Perry MJ. 2017. Effects neonicotinoid pesticide health: review. Environ Perspect 125:155–162; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP515

Language: Английский

---

A worldwide survey of neonicotinoids in honey

Science, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 358(6359), P. 109 - 111

Published: Oct. 5, 2017

Growing evidence for global pollinator decline is causing concern biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services maintenance. Neonicotinoid pesticides have been identified or suspected as a key factor responsible this decline. We assessed the exposure of pollinators to neonicotinoids by analyzing 198 honey samples from across world. found at least one five tested compounds (acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam) in 75% all samples, 45% contained two more these compounds, 10% four five. Our results confirm bees their food throughout The coexistence other may increase harm pollinators. However, concentrations detected are below maximum residue level authorized human consumption (average ± standard error positive samples: 1.8 0.56 nanograms per gram).

Language: Английский

---

Agriculture and biodiversity: a review

Biodiversity, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 18(2-3), P. 45 - 49

Published: July 3, 2017

Agriculture is the largest contributor to biodiversity loss with expanding impacts due changing consumption patterns and growing populations. destroys by converting natural habitats intensely managed systems releasing pollutants, including greenhouses gases. Food value chains further amplify through energy use, transport waste. Reducing food system’s toll on a critical challenge. The ‘sparing or sharing’ debate contrasts two response pathways: intensifying agriculture release other land for protection versus biodiversity-friendly farming over larger areas. Most conservation policies focus intensification set-aside but recent research challenges these assumptions. Global Land Outlook of UN Convention Combat Desertification highlights how modern undermining sustainability large Intensification has not solved crisis often made it worse. Effective responses must involve both producers consumers, require mixture conservation, sustainable management restoration. Agricultural serves many purposes beyond production mechanisms are needed pay farmers wider stewardship resources. A multifunctional landscape approach balances different needs at scale while incorporating site-level specificity demand, condition. At same time, consumers play role in reducing unsustainable Many techniques strategies exist; challenge bring them scale.

Language: Английский

---

Biofertilizer and biostimulant properties of the microalga Acutodesmus dimorphus

Journal of Applied Phycology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 28(2), P. 1051 - 1061

Published: May 28, 2015

Microalgae represent a potential sustainable alternative for the enhancement and protection of agricultural crops. Cellular extracts dry biomass green alga Acutodesmus dimorphus were applied as seed primer, foliar spray, biofertilizer, to evaluate germination, plant growth, fruit production in Roma tomato plants. A. culture, culture growth medium, different concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100 %) aqueous cell distilled water used primers determine effects on germination. Seeds treated with extract higher than 50 % (0.75 g mL-1) triggered faster germination-2 days earlier control group. The also fertilizers at various Extract application (3.75 concentration resulted increased height greater numbers flowers branches per plant. Two treatments (50 g) 22 prior seedling transplant time assess whether timing biofertilizer influenced effectiveness biofertilizer. Biofertilizer enhanced including flowers, compared group transplant. cellular extract, biostimulant, respectively, able trigger germination enhance floral

Language: Английский

---

A critical review on the potential impacts of neonicotinoid insecticide use: current knowledge of environmental fate, toxicity, and implications for human health

Environmental Science Processes & Impacts, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 22(6), P. 1315 - 1346

Published: Jan. 1, 2020

The review examines literature relevant to environmental fate, transformation, and toxicity, human exposure health risks of neonicotinoid insecticides.

Language: Английский

---

An update of the Worldwide Integrated Assessment (WIA) on systemic insecticides. Part 2: impacts on organisms and ecosystems

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 28(10), P. 11749 - 11797

Published: Nov. 9, 2017

Abstract New information on the lethal and sublethal effects of neonicotinoids fipronil organisms is presented in this review, complementing previous Worldwide Integrated Assessment (WIA) 2015. The high toxicity these systemic insecticides to invertebrates has been confirmed expanded include more species compounds. Most recent research focused bees ecological impacts have pollinators. Toxic other invertebrate taxa also covered predatory parasitoid natural enemies aquatic arthropods. Little new gathered soil organisms. impact marine coastal ecosystems still largely uncharted. chronic lethality insects crustaceans, strengthened evidence that chemicals impair immune system reproduction, highlights dangers particular insecticidal class (neonicotinoids fipronil), with potential greatly decrease populations arthropods both terrestrial environments. Sublethal fish, reptiles, frogs, birds, mammals are reported, showing a better understanding mechanisms vertebrates their deleterious growth, neurobehaviour most tested. This review concludes summary ecosystem services functioning, particularly pollination, biota, communities, thus reinforcing WIA conclusions (van der Sluijs et al. 2015).

Language: Английский

---