The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 99(4), P. 1877 - 2013

Published: Aug. 28, 2019

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, past 15 yr have seen emergence microbiota (the trillions microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one key regulators function led to appreciation a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This is gaining ever more traction fields investigating biological physiological basis psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, neurodegenerative disorders. brain communicate with each other via various routes including immune system, tryptophan metabolism, vagus nerve enteric nervous involving microbial metabolites such short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence composition early life, infection, mode birth delivery, use antibiotic medications, nature nutritional provision, environmental stressors, host genetics. At extreme diversity diminishes aging. Stress, particular, significantly impact at all stages life. Much recent work implicated gut many conditions autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models paramount linking regulation fundamental neural processes, neurogenesis myelination, microbiome activation microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing will greatly enhance field. Future focus understanding mechanisms underlying attempt elucidate microbial-based intervention therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric

Language: Английский

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Towards a psychobiotic therapy for depression: Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1025 reverses chronic stress-induced depressive symptoms and gut microbial abnormalities in mice

Neurobiology of Stress, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12, P. 100216 - 100216

Published: March 20, 2020

Accumulating evidence points to an association between gut microbial abnormalities and depression disorder. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is emerging target for treating using nutritional strategies, considering the numerous limitations of current pharmacological approaches. Here we studied effect probable mechanisms psychobiotic treatment on depression.Chronically stressed C57BL/6J male mice were administered viable Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1025 5 weeks prior behavioral testing. Brain neurological alterations, serum corticosterone, cytokines levels, fecal composition, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content measured. In addition, SCFA 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) biosynthesis was investigated in vitro model enterochromaffin cells (RIN14B).CCFM1025 significantly reduced depression- anxiety-like behaviors. hyperactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response, as well inflammation, also alleviated, possibly via regulating expression glucocorticoid receptors (Nr3c1). Moreover, down-regulated pCREB-c-Fos pathway but increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Meanwhile, chronic stress-induced restored, accompanied by 5-HTP levels. intestinal positively correlated with levels.In summary, showed considerable antidepressant-like microbiota-regulating effects, which opens avenues novel therapeutic strategies towards depression.

Language: Английский

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Microbiota in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Medical Sciences, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 6(4), P. 116 - 116

Published: Dec. 14, 2018

Gut microbiota are permanent residents of humans with the highest concentrations being found in human colon. Humans get first contact bacteria at delivery, and subject change during life. The individual pattern is highly variable varying environmental conditions, e.g., diets, antigen exposure, infections, or medication, as well genetics, age, hygiene factors, strongly influence bacterial community. A fine interaction between host determines outcome health disease. gut immune system constantly challenged to distinguish commensal non-invasive potential pathogens. Goblet cells produce mucins that prevent most from penetrating through intestinal epithelial barrier, Paneth main supplier anti-microbial defensins. recognize via surface markers they initiate an adequate answer. dysbiosis noticed several diseases, but crucial role pathogenesis has be proven. Prebiotics probiotics discussed valuable tools preserve restore a healthy

Language: Английский

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Fecal and Mucosal Microbiota Profiling in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: July 17, 2019

An imbalance in the bacterial species resulting loss of intestinal homeostasis has been described inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and irritable syndrome (IBS). In this prospective study, we investigated whether IBD IBS patients exhibit specific changes richness distribution fecal mucosal-associated microbiota. Additionally, assessed potential 16S rRNA gene amplicons biomarkers for IBD, IBS, controls (CTRLs) by comparison taxonomic composition. The relative abundance bacteria, at phylum genus/species levels, diversity were determined through sequence-based mucosal microbiota analysis. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) was used biomarker discovery associated to as compared CTRLs. samples, characterized a microbial reduction, going from CTRLs IBD. β-diversity showed clear separation between with no significant mucosa stool samples all groups. there difference inflamed not mucosa. Based upon LEfSe data, Anaerostipes Ruminococcaceae identified most differentially abundant taxa Erysipelotrichi while Gammaproteobacteria, Enterococcus, Enterococcaceae This study provides an overview alterations may aid identifying IBS.

Language: Английский

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Ensuring the future of functional foods

International Journal of Food Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 54(5), P. 1467 - 1485

Published: Dec. 21, 2018

Summary Consumption of functional foods suggests a strategy to reduce the incidence chronic health disorders. This message has resonated with consumers and driven market growth. Functional food research significantly increased over last decade but few studies have addressed bioavailability active ingredients for clinical efficacy. Baked goods such as bread, biscuits cake are popular categories innovation due their widespread consumption. These new developments often impacted on organoleptic properties finished products thus consumer acceptance. Blending bioactive may overcome this deficit. However, an understanding role microbiome in indicated that efficacy is unlikely be uniform within population. Further growth market, likely require greater evidence ingredients, effect support claims by regulators especially EU .

Language: Английский

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Interactions between a pathogenic Blastocystis subtype and gut microbiota: in vitro and in vivo studies

Microbiome, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: March 11, 2019

Blastocystis is a common gut eukaryote detected in humans and animals. It has been associated with gastrointestinal disease the past although recent metagenomic studies also suggest that it member of normal microbiota. This study investigates interactions between pathogenic human isolates belonging to subtype 7 (ST7) bacterial representatives Generally, ST7 exerts positive effect on viability representative bacteria except Bifidobacterium longum. Gene expression analysis flow cytometry indicate bacterium may be undergoing oxidative stress presence Blastocystis. In vitro assays demonstrate Blastocystis-induced host responses are able decrease counts. Mice infected reveal beneficial Lactobacillus. shows particular cause changes microbiota populations potentially lead an imbalance suggests certain exert their effects through disruption provides counterpoint increasing reports indicating commensal nature this ubiquitous parasite.

Language: Английский

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Fecal microbiota transplantation beyond Clostridioides difficile infections

EBioMedicine, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 44, P. 716 - 729

Published: June 1, 2019

The importance of the commensal microbiota to human health and well-being has become increasingly evident over past decades. From a therapeutic perspective, popularity fecal transplantation (FMT) restore disrupted amend imbalances increased. To date, most clinical experience with FMT originates from treatment recurrent or refractory Clostridioides difficile infections (rCDI), resolution rates up 90%. In addition CDI, role for intestinal microbiome been implicated in several disorders. tested randomized controlled trials inflammatory bowel disease, irritable disease constipation mixed results. also explored extra-gastrointestinal disorders such as metabolic syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy graft-versus-host disease. With exception is currently used experimental settings only should not yet be offered standard care. addition, it critical further standardize optimize procedures preparation. This includes determination active components develop (personalized) approaches treat

Language: Английский

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High-Fat Diet and Antibiotics Cooperatively Impair Mitochondrial Bioenergetics to Trigger Dysbiosis that Exacerbates Pre-inflammatory Bowel Disease

Cell Host & Microbe, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 28(2), P. 273 - 284.e6

Published: July 14, 2020

Language: Английский

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Feeling down? A systematic review of the gut microbiota in anxiety/depression and irritable bowel syndrome

Journal of Affective Disorders, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 266, P. 429 - 446

Published: Jan. 22, 2020

Language: Английский

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Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides on the Adult Gut Microbiota and Barrier Function

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(9), P. 2808 - 2808

Published: Sept. 13, 2020

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) shape the gut microbiota in infants by selectively stimulating growth of bifidobacteria. Here, we investigated impact HMOs on adult and barrier function using Simulator Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®), Caco2 cell lines, human intestinal organoid-on-chips. We showed that fermentation 2’-O-fucosyllactose (2’FL), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), combinations thereof (MIX) led to an increase bifidobacteria, accompanied short chain fatty acid (SCFA), particular butyrate with 2’FL. A significant reduction paracellular permeability FITC-dextran probe was observed monolayers fermented 2’FL MIX, which claudin-8 gene expression as shown qPCR, a IL-6 determined multiplex ELISA. Using gut-on-chips generated from organoids derived proximal, transverse, distal colon biopsies (Colon Intestine-Chips), claudin-5 significantly upregulated across all three following treatment under microfluidic conditions. Taken together, these data show that, addition their bifidogenic activity, have capacity modulate immune barrier, supporting potential provide health benefits adults.

Language: Английский

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