IgG4 Antibodies Induced by Repeated Vaccination May Generate Immune Tolerance to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(5), P. 991 - 991

Published: May 17, 2023

Less than a year after the global emergence of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, novel vaccine platform based on mRNA technology was introduced to market. Globally, around 13.38 billion COVID-19 doses diverse platforms have been administered. To date, 72.3% total population has injected at least once with vaccine. As immunity provided by these vaccines rapidly wanes, their ability prevent hospitalization and severe disease in individuals comorbidities recently questioned, increasing evidence shown that, as many other vaccines, they do not produce sterilizing immunity, allowing people suffer frequent re-infections. Additionally, recent investigations found abnormally high levels IgG4 who were administered two or more injections vaccines. HIV, Malaria, Pertussis also reported induce higher-than-normal synthesis. Overall, there are three critical factors determining class switch antibodies: excessive antigen concentration, repeated vaccination, type used. It suggested that an increase could protecting role preventing immune over-activation, similar occurring during successful allergen-specific immunotherapy inhibiting IgE-induced effects. However, emerging suggests detected vaccination may be protective mechanism; rather, it constitutes tolerance mechanism spike protein promote unopposed SARS-CoV2 infection replication suppressing natural antiviral responses. Increased synthesis due concentrations cause autoimmune diseases, cancer growth myocarditis susceptible individuals.

Language: Английский

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Autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions after COVID-19 vaccination. New case reports and updated literature review

Journal of Autoimmunity, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 132, P. 102898 - 102898

Published: Aug. 24, 2022

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 and thyroid function: What do we know so far?

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Dec. 19, 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was characterized as a pandemic in March, 2020 by the World Health Organization. COVID-19 is respiratory syndrome that can progress to acute distress syndrome, multiorgan dysfunction, and eventually death. Despite being considered disease, it known other organs systems be affected COVID-19, including thyroid gland. Thyroid gland, well hypothalamus pituitary, which regulate functioning of most endocrine glands, express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), main protein functions receptor SARS-CoV-2 binds enter host cells. In addition, gland extremely sensitive changes body homeostasis metabolism. Immune system cells are targets for hormones T3 T4 modulate specific immune responses, cell-mediated immunity, natural killer cell activity, antiviral action interferon (IFN) proliferation T- B-lymphocytes. However, studies show patients with controlled hypothyroidism hyperthyroidism do not have higher prevalence nor they worse prognosis when infected virus. On hand, retrospective observational studies, prospective case reports published last two years reported abnormal function related infection or even several weeks after its resolution. Indeed, variety disorders been documented patients, non-thyroidal illness (NTIS), subacute thyroiditis thyrotoxicosis. has already consequence administration vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Overall, data revealed may occur during convalescence post-COVID condition phase. Although cellular molecular mechanisms completely understood, evidence suggests “cytokine storm” an important mediator this context. Thus, future needed better investigate pathophysiology dysfunction induced at both clinical levels.

Language: Английский

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IgG4 Antibodies Induced by mRNA Vaccines Generate Immune Tolerance to SARS-CoV-2’spike Protein by Suppressing the Immune System

Published: March 27, 2023

Due to the health crisis caused by SARS-CoV-2, creation of a new vaccine platform based on mRNA was implemented. Globally, around 13.32 billion COVID-19 doses diverse platforms have been given, and up this date, 69.7% total population received at least one injection vaccine. Although these vaccines prevent hospitalization severe forms disease, increasing evidence has shown they do not produce sterilizing immunity, allowing people suffer frequent re-infections. Recent research also raised concerns that could induce immune tolerance, which, added virus itself, complicate clinical course infection. Furthermore, recent investigations found high IgG4 levels in who were administered two or more injections vaccines. It suggested an increase protecting role preventing over-activation, similar occurring during successful allergen-specific immunotherapy inhibiting IgE-induced effects. Altogether, suggests reported detected after repeated vaccination with is protective mechanism; rather, it may be part tolerance mechanism spike protein promote unopposed SARS-CoV2 infection replication suppressing natural antiviral responses. IgG4-induced suppression system due can cause autoimmune diseases, promotes cancer growth, myocarditis susceptible individuals.

Language: Английский

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COVID-induced thyroid autoimmunity

Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 37(2), P. 101742 - 101742

Published: Feb. 5, 2023

Breakdown of self-tolerance to thyroid antigens (thyroperoxidase, thyroglobulin and the thyrotropin-receptor) is driver autoimmunity. It has been suggested that infectious disease might trigger autoimmune (AITD). Involvement reported during severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, in form subacute thyroiditis subjects with mild coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) painless, destructive hospitalized patients infection. In addition, cases AITD, both Graves' (GD) Hashimoto's (HT), have association this review, we focus on relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection occurrence AITD. Nine GD strictly related only three HT associated COVID-19 reported. No study demonstrated a role AITD as risk factor for poor prognosis

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 vaccination and thyroiditis

Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 37(4), P. 101759 - 101759

Published: March 3, 2023

Language: Английский

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Autoimmune inflammatory reactions triggered by the COVID-19 genetic vaccines in terminally differentiated tissues

Autoimmunity, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 56(1)

Published: Sept. 14, 2023

As a result of the spread SARS-CoV-2, global pandemic was declared. Indiscriminate COVID-19 vaccination has been extended to include age groups and naturally immune people with minimal danger suffering serious complications due COVID-19. Solid immuno-histopathological evidence demonstrates that genetic vaccines can display wide distribution within body, affecting tissues are terminally differentiated far away from injection site. These heart brain, which may incur in situ production spike protein eliciting strong autoimmunological inflammatory response. Due fact every human cell synthesises non-self antigens, inevitably becomes target system, since body is not strictly compartmentalised accurate pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic studies needed order determine precisely be harmed. Therefore, our article aims draw attention scientific regulatory communities critical need for biodistribution against COVID-19, as well rational harm-benefit assessments by group.

Language: Английский

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More antibodies are not always better: Fc effector functions play a critical role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and protection

Progress in molecular biology and translational science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Disproportionality analysis of European safety reports on autoimmune and rheumatic diseases following COVID-19 vaccination

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: April 27, 2025

Abstract The safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines is well-established, yet the widespread immunization campaign has led to an increase in reported cases Immune-Mediated and Rheumatic Diseases (IMDRs). This study aimed assess reporting Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFIs) related IMDRs after vaccination. We analyzed all individual case reports (ICSRs) authorized European Union (i.e., tozinameran, elasomeran, ChAdOx1-S NCoV-19, Ad26.Cov2.S) registered EudraVigilance (EV) database from January 1, 2021, October 23, 2023. Our analysis identified ICSRs with events indicative conducted disproportionality Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) 95% CI) examine frequency different IMDR types linked each vaccine. In total, 45,352 at least one AEFI associated rheumatic or autoimmune conditions, 54% them implicating tozinameran as suspected More than half AEFIs were classified serious, approximately 45% remaining unresolved. most frequently conditions other immune-mediated diseases, followed by arthritis, vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, tendinopathies. suggested that mRNA may be more new diseases. Stratified revealed significant associations for ChAd, particularly vasculitis tendinopathies, only when compared Ad26.Cov2.S. Real-world pharmacovigilance data suggest diseases under-reported following vaccination, highlighting need further research better understand underlying mechanisms. findings this studies investigate these results greater depth.

Language: Английский

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Graves’ disease after exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: a case report and review of the literature

BMC Endocrine Disorders, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: June 15, 2023

Abstract Background Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) is characterized immune system dysregulation after exposure to adjuvants, such as aluminum. Although cases of autoimmune thyroid diseases caused ASIA have been reported, Graves' disease one the rarer diseases. There are some reports that vaccines against severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cause ASIA. Here, we describe a case Graves’ following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and review literature. Case presentation A 41-year-old woman was admitted our hospital because palpitations fatigue. Two weeks receiving second vaccine (BNT162b2, Coronavirus Modified Uridine messenger RNA (mRNA) Vaccine, Pfizer), she developed fatigue gradually worsened. On admission, exhibited thyrotoxicosis (thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) < 0.01 mIU/L (0.08–0.54), free triiodothyronine (FT3) 33.2 pmol/L (3.8–6.3), thyroxine (FT4) 72.1 (11.6–19.3)) associated with atrial fibrillation. TSH receptor antibody (TRAb) positive (TRAb 5.0 IU/L (< 2.0)), 99m Tc scintigraphy showed diffuse uptake in gland, suggesting this disease. Thiamazole prescribed correct her condition, soon treatment initiated, symptoms levels were significantly reduced. Conclusions This report reinforces potential correlation between affecting mRNA vaccines. The clinical course suggests it essential consider possibility developing ASIA, disease, vaccine.

Language: Английский

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