Atmosphere,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
11(2), P. 161 - 161
Published: Feb. 4, 2020
This
study
examines
the
carbonaceous-aerosol
characteristics
at
three
contrasting
urban
environments
in
Greece
(Ioannina,
Athens,
and
Heraklion),
on
basis
of
12
h
sampling
during
winter
(January
to
February
2013),
aiming
explore
inter-site
differences
atmospheric
composition
sources.
The
winter-average
organic
carbon
(OC)
elemental
(EC)
concentrations
Ioannina
were
found
be
28.50
4.33
µg
m−3,
respectively,
much
higher
than
those
Heraklion
(3.86
m−3
for
OC
2.29
EC)
Athens
(7.63
2.44
EC).
OC/EC
ratio
(6.53)
was
almost
times
that
(2.03),
indicating
a
larger
impact
wood
combustion,
especially
night,
whereas
Heraklion,
emissions
from
biomass
burning
less
intense.
Estimations
primary
secondary
(POC
SOC)
using
EC-tracer
method,
specifically
its
minimum
R-squared
(MRS)
variant,
revealed
large
between
sites,
with
prevalence
POC
(67–80%)
SOC
fraction
(53%)
Heraklion.
estimates
also
obtained
5%
25%
percentiles
data
determine
(OC/EC)pri,
leading
results
MRS
approach
(70–74%
SOC).
Although
method
provides
generally
more
robust
results,
it
may
significantly
underestimate
levels
highly
burdened
by
burning,
as
fast-oxidized
semi-volatile
associated
combustion
sources
is
classified
POC.
Further
analysis
difference
percentile
methods
coincided
oxygenated
aerosol
quantified
mass
spectrometry.
Finally,
OC/Kbb+
used
tracer
decomposition
into
fossil-fuel
biomass-burning
components,
POC,
(77%).
Environmental Chemistry Letters,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
19(6), P. 4075 - 4118
Published: July 23, 2021
Abstract
The
global
energy
demand
is
projected
to
rise
by
almost
28%
2040
compared
current
levels.
Biomass
a
promising
source
for
producing
either
solid
or
liquid
fuels.
Biofuels
are
alternatives
fossil
fuels
reduce
anthropogenic
greenhouse
gas
emissions.
Nonetheless,
policy
decisions
biofuels
should
be
based
on
evidence
that
produced
in
sustainable
manner.
To
this
end,
life
cycle
assessment
(LCA)
provides
information
environmental
impacts
associated
with
biofuel
production
chains.
Here,
we
review
advances
biomass
conversion
and
their
impact
assessment.
Processes
gasification,
combustion,
pyrolysis,
enzymatic
hydrolysis
routes
fermentation.
Thermochemical
processes
classified
into
low
temperature,
below
300
°C,
high
higher
than
i.e.
combustion
pyrolysis.
Pyrolysis
because
it
operates
at
relatively
lower
temperature
of
up
500
which
800–1300
°C.
We
focus
1)
the
drawbacks
advantages
thermochemical
biochemical
various
possibility
integrating
these
better
process
efficiency;
2)
methodological
approaches
key
findings
from
40
LCA
studies
pathways
published
2019
2021;
3)
bibliometric
trends
knowledge
gaps
using
routes.
integration
hydrothermal
circular
economy.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
98, P. 439 - 468
Published: Oct. 4, 2018
The
emergence
of
Pinch
Analysis
from
more
than
four
decades
ago
opened
a
new
area
intense
research
development
that
has
even
accelerated
in
recent
years.
Initially,
(PA)
provided
systematic
thermodynamic-based
approach
to
address
the
need
for
large
energy
savings
around
1970s
oil
crises.
Since
inception,
Methodology
(PM)
flourished
considerably,
finding
meaningful
application
wide
range
industrial,
regional,
and
global
challenges
well
beyond
heat
–
it's
most
well-known
first
application.
This
review
represents
an
attempt
identify
substantiate
future
directions
significant
implementations
Methodology.
Reported
applications
literature
Heat
Integration,
Total
Site
Water
Integration
through
Emergy
Financial
Investment
Planning;
cutting
across
multiple
engineering
fields
Mechanical,
Chemical,
Process,
Power,
Environmental
Engineering
as
entering
domains
Management
Finance.
Key
findings
this
include:
(1)
awareness
within
science
communities
latest
continuing
developments
Methodology;
(2)
complete
tool
sets
covering
targeting
design
many
applications;
and,
(3)
full
benefits
can
only
be
achieved
developing
solutions
with
appreciation
developments.
Atmospheric chemistry and physics,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
19(5), P. 3223 - 3243
Published: March 12, 2019
Abstract.
Based
on
published
literature
and
typical
profiles
from
the
Nankai
University
source
library,
a
total
of
3326
chemical
main
primary
sources
ambient
particulate
matter
(PM)
across
China
1987
to
2017
are
investigated
reviewed
trace
evolution
their
components
identify
influencing
factors
concerning
evolution.
In
general,
varied
with
respect
influenced
by
different
sampling
methods.
The
most
complicated
likely
attributed
coal
combustion
(CC)
industrial
emissions
(IE).
vehicle
(VE)
dominated
organic
carbon
(OC)
elemental
(EC),
vary
due
changing
standards
sulfur
additives
in
gasoline
diesel
as
well
methods
used.
addition
used,
biomass
burning
(BB)
cooking
(CE)
also
impacted
biofuel
categories
types,
respectively.
variations
sources,
homogeneity
subtype
within
same
category
examined
using
uncertainty
analysis
cluster
analysis.
As
result,
relatively
large
variation
is
found
CC,
VE,
IE,
BB,
indicating
that
these
urgently
require
establishment
local
high
uncertainties.
results
presented
highlight
need
for
further
investigation
more
specific
markers
(e.g.,
isotopes,
compounds,
gaseous
precursors),
routinely
measured
components,
order
properly
discriminate
sources.
Although
have
been
previously
reported
literature,
it
should
be
noted
some
currently
out
date
updated
immediately.
Additionally,
future,
focus
placed
profile
subtypes,
especially
IE
China.
