Western diet as a trigger of Alzheimer’s disease: From metabolic syndrome and systemic inflammation to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration

Ageing Research Reviews, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 70, P. 101397 - 101397

Published: June 30, 2021

An excess of saturated fatty acids and simple sugars in the diet is a known environmental risk factor Alzheimer's disease (AD) but holistic view interacting processes through which such may contribute to AD pathogenesis missing. We addressed this need extensive analysis published studies investigating effects western (WD) on development humans laboratory animals. reviewed WD-induced systemic alterations comprising metabolic changes, induction obesity adipose tissue inflammation, gut microbiota dysbiosis acceleration low-grade inflammation. Next we provide an overview evidence demonstrating that WD-associated drive impairment blood-brain barrier (BBB) neuroinflammation paralleled by accumulation toxic amyloid. Later these changes are followed dysfunction synaptic transmission, neurodegeneration finally memory cognitive impairment. conclude WD can trigger inflammaging, BBB induced inflammation play central role process. Moreover, concurrence Aβ dyshomeostasis, reciprocal interactions vicious cycle neurodegeneration, contradicts as primary AD. Given 2019 World Health Organization recommended focusing modifiable factors prevention, sequential, complex pathomechanisms initiated WD, lead from peripheral disturbances support future prevention strategies.

Language: Английский

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Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health

Advances in Nutrition, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(4), P. 1239 - 1285

Published: Dec. 22, 2020

Language: Английский

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Signalling cognition: the gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: June 19, 2023

Cognitive function in humans depends on the complex and interplay between multiple body systems, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The gut microbiota, which vastly outnumbers human cells has a genetic potential that exceeds of genome, plays crucial role this interplay. microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis is bidirectional signalling pathway operates through neural, endocrine, immune, metabolic pathways. One major neuroendocrine systems responding to stress HPA produces glucocorticoids such as cortisol corticosterone rodents. Appropriate concentrations are essential for normal neurodevelopment function, well cognitive processes learning memory, studies have shown microbes modulate throughout life. Stress can significantly impact MGB via other Animal research advanced our understanding these mechanisms pathways, leading paradigm shift conceptual thinking about influence microbiota health disease. Preclinical trials currently underway determine how animal models translate humans. In review article, we summarize current knowledge relationship axis, cognition, provide an overview main findings conclusions broad field.

Language: Английский

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Breaking the barriers: the role of gut homeostasis in Metabolic-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)

Gut Microbes, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(1)

Published: March 21, 2024

Obesity, insulin resistance (IR), and the gut microbiome intricately interplay in Metabolic-associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD), previously known as Non-Alcoholic Fatty (NAFLD), a growing health concern. The complex progression of MASLD extends beyond liver, driven by "gut-liver axis," where diet, genetics, gut-liver interactions influence disease development. pathophysiology involves excessive liver fat accumulation, hepatocyte dysfunction, inflammation, fibrosis, with subsequent risk hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). gut, tripartite barrier, mechanical, immune, microbial components, engages constant communication liver. Recent evidence links dysbiosis disrupted barriers to systemic inflammation progression. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate immunological crosstalk between recognizing structures triggering immune responses. "multiple hit model" development factors like resistance, dysbiosis, genetics/environmental elements disrupting axis, leading impaired intestinal barrier function increased permeability. Clinical management strategies encompass dietary interventions, physical exercise, pharmacotherapy targeting bile acid (BA) metabolism, modulation approaches through prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). This review underscores microbiome, their impact on therapeutic prospects.

Language: Английский

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The Impact of Free Sugar on Human Health—A Narrative Review

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(4), P. 889 - 889

Published: Feb. 10, 2023

The importance of nutrition in human health has been understood for over a century. However, debate is ongoing regarding the role added and free sugars physiological neurological health. In this narrative review, we have addressed several key issues around major conditions previously associated with sugar. We aim to determine current evidence health, specifically obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cognition, mood. also present some predominant theories on mechanisms action. findings suggest negative effect excessive sugar consumption wellbeing. Specific class source carbohydrate appears greatly influence impact these macronutrients Further research into individual effects forms diverse populations needed understand complex relationship between

Language: Английский

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The impact of dietary macronutrient intake on cognitive function and the brain

Clinical Nutrition, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 40(6), P. 3999 - 4010

Published: May 1, 2021

Language: Английский

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Considering Sex as a Biological Variable in Basic and Clinical Studies: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement

Endocrine Reviews, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 42(3), P. 219 - 258

Published: March 11, 2021

In May 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stated its intent to "require applicants consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) in design and analysis NIH-funded research involving animals cells." Since then, proposed plans that include routinely state both sexes/genders will be used; however, many instances, researchers reviewers are at loss about issue differences. Moreover, terms gender used interchangeably by researchers, further complicating issue. addition, or researcher might influence study outcomes, especially those concerning behavioral studies, humans. The act observation may change outcome (the "observer effect") any experimental manipulation, no matter how well-controlled, is subject it. This nowhere more applicable than physiology behavior. established cultured cell lines another issue, addition aneuploidy; chromosomal numbers can cells passaged. Additionally, culture medium contains steroids, growth hormone, insulin expression various genes. These issues often not taken into account, determined, even considered. Issues pertaining "sex" beyond scope this Statement. However, we discuss factors basic (that using animal models) clinical human subjects), well some areas science where differences studied. Sex baseline associated mechanisms form foundation for understanding diseases pathology, treatments, outcomes. purpose Statement highlight lessons learned, caveats, what when evaluating data differences, 3 examples; it intended serve guideline design.

Language: Английский

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Going with the grain: Fiber, cognition, and the microbiota-gut-brain-axis

Experimental Biology and Medicine, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 246(7), P. 796 - 811

Published: Feb. 28, 2021

Healthy dietary intake has been acknowledged for decades as one of the main contributors to health. More recently, field nutritional psychiatry progressed our understanding regarding importance nutrition in supporting mental health and cognitive function. Thereby, individual nutrients, including omega-3 fatty acids polyphenols, have recognized be key drivers this relationship. With progress appreciating influence fiber on health, increasingly research is focusing deciphering its role brain processes. However, while gastrointestinal metabolic well established, leading development associated claims, evidence not conclusive enough support similar claims Albeit increasing knowledge impact only a few human studies begun shed light onto underexplored connection between cognition. Moreover, microbiota-gut-brain axis emerged conduit effects brain, especially fibers, that are acted by specific bacteria produce variety health-promoting metabolites. These metabolites (including short chain acids) vagus nerve, immune system, gut hormones, or kynurenine pathway proposed underlying mechanisms microbiota-brain crosstalk. In minireview, we summarize available from association We provide an overview potential discuss remaining questions need answered future studies. While moving at fast pace holds promise important discoveries, data cohorts required further drive public recommendations

Language: Английский

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Butyrate and obesity: Current research status and future prospect

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Feb. 24, 2023

Over the past few decades, increasing prevalence of obesity caused an enormous medical, social, and economic burden. As sixth most important risk factor contributing to overall burden disease worldwide, not only directly harms human body, but also leads many chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular (CVD), nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD), mental illness. Weight loss is still one effective strategies against related disorders. Recently, link between intestinal microflora metabolic health has been constantly established. Butyrate, a four-carbon short-chain acid, major metabolite gut microbiota that beneficial effects on health. The anti-obesity activity butyrate demonstrated, its mechanisms action have fully described. This review summarizes current knowledge butyrate, including production, absorption, distribution, metabolism, effect involved in weight obesity-related diseases. aim was contribute advance our understanding role obesity. Further exploration pathway may help identify new anti-obesity.

Language: Английский

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From Liver to Brain: How MAFLD/MASLD Impacts Cognitive Function

Medical Science Monitor, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 30

Published: Jan. 16, 2024

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease or metabolic steatotic (MAFLD/MASLD), is a common chronic condition affecting substantial global population. Beyond its primary impact on function, MAFLD/MASLD associated with myriad of extrahepatic manifestations, including cognitive impairment. The scope impairment within the realm matter escalating concern. Positioned as an intermediate stage between normal aging process and onset dementia, manifests challenge this condition. Insights from studies underscore presence compromised executive function decline in capabilities among individuals identified being at risk progressing to fibrosis. Importantly, transcends mere association factors, delving deep into intricate pathophysiology characterizing MAFLD/MASLD. multifaceted nature context underlined by spectrum prominently featuring insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, systemic inflammation pivotal contributors. These factors interplay landscape MAFLD/MASLD, fostering nuanced understanding links hepatic health function. By synthesizing available evidence, exploring potential mechanisms, assessing clinical implications, overarching aim review contribute more complete

Language: Английский

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