American Journal on Addictions,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
30(5), P. 423 - 432
Published: April 19, 2021
Background
and
Objectives
Anabolic‐androgenic
steroid
(AAS)
use
has
become
a
major
worldwide
substance
disorder,
affecting
tens
of
millions
individuals.
Importantly,
it
is
now
increasingly
recognized
that
some
individuals
develop
uncharacteristically
violent
or
criminal
behaviors
when
using
AAS.
We
sought
to
summarize
available
information
on
this
topic.
Methods
reviewed
the
published
literature
AAS‐induced
behavioral
effects
augmented
with
extensive
observations
from
our
clinical
forensic
experience.
Results
It
generally
accepted
AAS
users
while
taking
these
drugs.
Although
may
partially
reflect
premorbid
psychopathology,
sociocultural
factors,
expectational
effects,
accumulating
evidence
suggests
they
are
also
attributable
biological
themselves.
The
mechanism
remains
speculative,
but
preliminary
data
suggest
possible
role
for
brain
regions
involved
in
emotional
reactivity,
such
as
amygdala
cognitive
control,
including
frontal
cortex.
For
unknown
reasons,
appear
idiosyncratic;
most
display
few
minority
develops
severe
effects.
Conclusion
Scientific
Significance
Professionals
encountering
settings
should
be
alert
possibility
violence
criminality
employ
strategies
assess
whether
indeed
contributory
factor
given
case.
Further
research
needed
elucidate
explain
why
only
subset
appears
vulnerable
(Am
J
Addict
2021;00:00–00)
World Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
21(1), P. 26 - 54
Published: Jan. 11, 2022
The
Hierarchical
Taxonomy
of
Psychopathology
(HiTOP)
is
a
quantitative
nosological
system
that
addresses
shortcomings
traditional
mental
disorder
diagnoses,
including
arbitrary
boundaries
between
psychopathology
and
normality,
frequent
co‐occurrence,
substantial
heterogeneity
within
disorders,
diagnostic
unreliability
over
time
across
clinicians.
This
paper
reviews
evidence
on
the
validity
utility
internalizing
somatoform
spectra
HiTOP,
which
together
provide
support
for
an
emotional
dysfunction
superspectrum.
These
are
composed
homogeneous
symptom
maladaptive
trait
dimensions
currently
subsumed
multiple
classes,
depressive,
anxiety,
trauma‐related,
eating,
bipolar,
somatic
as
well
sexual
aspects
personality
disorders.
Dimensions
falling
superspectrum
broadly
linked
to
individual
differences
in
negative
affect/neuroticism.
Extensive
establishes
share
genetic
diatheses,
environmental
risk
factors,
cognitive
affective
difficulties,
neural
substrates
biomarkers,
childhood
temperamental
antecedents,
treatment
response.
structure
these
validators
mirrors
superspectrum,
with
some
correlates
more
specific
or
conditions,
others
common
both,
thereby
underlining
hierarchical
domain.
Compared
demonstrated
substantially
improved
utility:
greater
reliability,
larger
explanatory
predictive
power,
clinical
applicability.
Validated
measures
available
implement
HiTOP
practice,
can
make
classification
useful,
both
research
clinic.
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
15(1)
Published: Jan. 8, 2024
Abstract
Compulsive
behaviors
are
observed
in
a
range
of
psychiatric
disorders,
however
the
neural
substrates
underlying
not
clearly
defined.
Here
we
show
that
basolateral
amygdala-dorsomedial
striatum
(BLA-DMS)
circuit
activation
leads
to
manifestation
compulsive-like
behaviors.
We
revealed
BLA
neurons
projecting
DMS,
mainly
onto
dopamine
D1
receptor-expressing
neurons,
largely
overlap
with
neuronal
population
responds
aversive
predator
stress,
widely
used
anxiogenic
stressor.
Specific
optogenetic
BLA-DMS
induced
strong
anxiety
response
followed
by
compulsive
grooming.
Furthermore,
developed
mouse
model
for
compulsivity
displaying
wide
spectrum
chronically
activating
circuit.
In
these
mice,
persistent
molecular
changes
at
synapses
were
causally
related
phenotypes.
Together,
our
study
demonstrates
involvement
emergence
enduring
via
its
synaptic
changes.
Human Brain Mapping,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
43(1), P. 23 - 36
Published: March 10, 2020
Abstract
Neuroimaging
has
played
an
important
part
in
advancing
our
understanding
of
the
neurobiology
obsessive–compulsive
disorder
(OCD).
At
same
time,
neuroimaging
studies
OCD
have
had
notable
limitations,
including
reliance
on
relatively
small
samples.
International
collaborative
efforts
to
increase
statistical
power
by
combining
samples
from
across
sites
been
bolstered
ENIGMA
consortium;
this
provides
specific
technical
expertise
for
conducting
multi‐site
analyses,
as
well
access
a
community
scientists.
In
article,
we
outline
background
to,
development
of,
and
initial
findings
ENIGMA's
working
group,
which
currently
consists
47
34
institutes
15
countries
5
continents,
with
total
sample
2,323
patients
2,325
healthy
controls.
Initial
work
focused
cortical
thickness
subcortical
volumes,
structural
connectivity,
brain
lateralization
children,
adolescents
adults
OCD,
also
study
commonalities
distinctions
different
neurodevelopment
disorders.
Additional
is
ongoing,
employing
machine
learning
techniques.
Findings
date
contributed
neurobiological
models
provided
model
global
scientific
collaboration,
number
clinical
implications.
Importantly,
shed
new
light
questions
about
whether
functional
alterations
found
reflect
neurodevelopmental
changes,
effects
disease
process,
or
medication
impacts.
We
conclude
summary
ongoing
ENIGMA‐OCD,
consideration
future
directions
research
within
beyond
ENIGMA.
