Molecular principles of metastasis: a hallmark of cancer revisited

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 5(1)

Published: March 12, 2020

Abstract Metastasis is the hallmark of cancer that responsible for greatest number cancer-related deaths. Yet, it remains poorly understood. The continuous evolution biology research and emergence new paradigms in study metastasis have revealed some molecular underpinnings this dissemination process. invading tumor cell, on its way to target site, interacts with other proteins cells. Recognition these interactions improved understanding biological principles metastatic cell govern mobility plasticity. Communication microenvironment allows cells overcome stromal challenges, settle, colonize. These characteristics are driven by genetic epigenetic modifications within itself microenvironment. Establishing mechanisms process crucial finding open therapeutic windows successful interventions. In review, authors explore recent advancements field highlight latest insights contribute shaping cancer.

Language: Английский

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Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity in Cancer Progression and Metastasis

Developmental Cell, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 49(3), P. 361 - 374

Published: May 1, 2019

Language: Английский

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The great escape: tumour cell plasticity in resistance to targeted therapy

Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 19(1), P. 39 - 56

Published: Oct. 10, 2019

Language: Английский

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Defining the Hallmarks of Metastasis

Cancer Research, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 79(12), P. 3011 - 3027

Published: May 3, 2019

Abstract Metastasis is the primary cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. The process involves a complex interplay between intrinsic tumor cell properties as well interactions cells multiple microenvironments. outcome development nearby or distant discontiguous secondary mass. To successfully disseminate, metastatic acquire in addition to those necessary become neoplastic. Heterogeneity mechanisms involved, routes dissemination, redundancy molecular pathways that can be utilized, ability piggyback on actions surrounding stromal makes defining hallmarks metastasis extraordinarily challenging. Nonetheless, this review identifies four distinguishing features are required: motility invasion, modulate site local microenvironments, plasticity, colonize tissues. By these first principles metastasis, we provide means for focusing efforts aspects will improve patient outcomes.

Language: Английский

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Dynamic EMT: a multi‐tool for tumor progression

The EMBO Journal, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 40(18)

Published: Aug. 30, 2021

Review30 August 2021Open Access Dynamic EMT: a multi-tool for tumor progression Simone Brabletz Corresponding Author [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0003-0936-1526 Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany Search more papers by this author Harald Schuhwerk orcid.org/0000-0001-6971-3760 Thomas orcid.org/0000-0003-2983-9048 Marc P. Stemmler orcid.org/0000-0002-7866-3686 Information *,1, Schuhwerk1, Brabletz1 and *,1 1Department *Corresponding author. Tel: +49 9131 85 29101; E-mail: The EMBO Journal (2021)40:e108647https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2021108647 This article is part the Cancer Reviews 2021 series. PDFDownload PDF text main figures. ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyWechatReddit Figures & Info Abstract process epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) fundamental embryonic morphogenesis. Cells undergoing it lose epithelial characteristics integrity, acquire mesenchymal features, become motile. In cancer, program hijacked confer essential changes in morphology motility that fuel invasion. addition, EMT increasingly understood orchestrate large variety complementary cancer such as cell stemness, tumorigenicity, resistance therapy adaptation microenvironment. review, we summarize recent findings related these various classical non-classical functions, introduce true tumorigenic multi-tool, involved many aspects cancer. We suggest therapeutic targeting will—if acknowledging complexities—be possibility concurrently interfere with on levels. Introduction Epithelial-to-mesenchymal describes transdifferentiation stationary cells mesenchymal, motile phenotype was initially observed early development (Hay, 1995). Here, contributes embryonal processes like gastrulation, neural crest formation, or heart (Thiery et al, 2009; Nieto 2016). also crucial physiological wound healing (Arnoux 2008) tissue homeostasis (Ahmed 2006). Importantly, pathological reactivation plays role diseases organ fibrosis metastasis (Fig 1A), which focus review. Figure 1. Classical functions (A) frequently occurs at invasive front tumors, destroys well-defined structures, allows migrate, invade tissue, intravasate blood lymphatic vessels. Tumor their way through body can travel single cells, clusters exhibiting partial headed leader cell. At secondary site, extravasate colonize distant organ, where MET outgrowth macrometastases. (B) induced mainly set transcription factors (EMT-TFs) ZEB1, ZEB2, SNAIL, SLUG TWIST differ protein structure, size, individual functions. All them are repressors E-cadherin activate markers Vimentin, Fibronectin N-cadherin. Epithelial displaying apical–basal polarity held together tight junctions, adherens desmosomes anchored underlying basement membrane hemidesmosomes. They express three different complexes junctional molecules maintain polarity. EMT, expression EMT-TFs leads inhibition major components structures concomitantly activates genes associated state. gain front–rear polarity, display actin stress fibers, capacities. Notably, very rarely switch completely phenotype, but fluently convert between intermediate states certain features keeping sets characteristics. Further, reversible process. Mesenchymal revert state MET. An important execution played microRNAs miR-200 mir-34 families regulated double-negative feedback loops ZEB1/2 respectively, serve reinforce either Download figure PowerPoint an extremely complex diverse disease not only varying entities, within same entity, subtypes, even subtypes. tumors spatial temporal heterogeneity be elicited, e.g., via occurrence consecutive mutations clonal evolution (McGranahan Swanton, 2017). However, plasticity, allowing continuous adaption ever-changing conditions, mediated genetically fixed, depending accumulating mutations, epigenetically orchestrated signals from microenvironment, rendering whole (by activating mesenchymal–epithelial transition; MET) highly dynamic (see overview Fig 2). 2. Overview summarizing multiple oncogenic course progression. allow invade, intra- sites, enables traits support initiation well metastatic colonization. Throughout progression, they help cope changing conditions metabolic reprogramming, enhanced survival altered DNA repair prevention death, immune evasion improved chemo- radiotherapy. supporting handle environmental extracellular from, CAFs microenvironment approaches. executed core EMT-activating including SNAIL (also SNAI1) SNAI2), basic helix–loop–helix TWIST1 (TWIST) TWIST2 zinc finger E-Box binding homeobox ZEB1 ZEB2. share ability repress encoding gene CDH1 motifs cognate promoter regions (Nieto 2016) shown (Batlle 2000; Cano 2000), (Yang 2004), (Eger 2005), ZEB2 (Comijn 2001). parallel, directly indirectly VIM (Vimentin), FN1 (Fibronectin), CDH2 (N-cadherin) 2016; Dongre Weinberg, 2019) 1B). shared, distinct EMT-TFs, patterns size structure (Stemmler 2019). Beyond "classical" traits, motility, capacities, widespread importance biology indicated additional pleiotropic (Brabletz 2018). have been stemness properties increase linking concept stem (CSCs). Additionally, repair, escape senescence apoptosis, resistance, resulting pro-survival providing advantage under types conditions. Altogether, non-redundant context-dependent dynamically (TME) permanently adapt (Puisieux 2014). Consequently, intervention EMT/plasticity will provide opportunity fight blow. all highlight clinical implications. Classical/core Migration invasion normal form protective sheets structural integrity. connection junction junction, desmosomes, junctions seal located apical constitute barrier solutes water. apical-basal function, has defined "asymmetry" tissues. Polarity complexes, Par, Crumbs, Scribble ensure proper organization versus basolateral domains (Huang 2012). Of note, some control regulate spindle orientation division mode (Martin-Belmonte Perez-Moreno, 2011) Elicited TME, activation toward malignancy, accompanied substantial cellular Cell–cell contacts deconstructed repression CDH1, cadherin (E-cadherin), constituent coding other molecules. As consequence disintegration direct transcriptional several members Crumbs lost (Aigner 2007; Moreno-Bueno 2008; Spaderna Lamouille 2014) coincides profound cytoskeletal reorganization constriction, formation conversion cuboidal columnar shapes spindle-like elongated forms (Moreno-Bueno 2008). Newly formed actin-rich protrusions lamellipodia filopodia movement. To surrounding tissues, induce invadopodia, specialized proteolytic function (Yilmaz Christofori, Eckert 2011; Ridley, Sundararajan 2015). supported induction matrix metalloproteases degradation adjacent tissues (Miyoshi 2004; Miyoshi 2005; Huang 2009) inducers prevent synthesis repressing its (Spaderna events cause loss integrity dissemination thus execute first step cascade 1A). MET: colonization 1990, Fearon Vogelstein proposed meanwhile genetic model colorectal tumorigenesis. described deterioration greater malignancy driven stepwise accumulation hypothesized perpetuates during last established malignant carcinoma metastases, implying metastases most degenerated (Fearon Vogelstein, 1990). efforts identify specific metastasis-associated remained unsuccessful. Rather, already twenty years ago, compared de-differentiated nature primary tumor, exhibit re-differentiated morphology, similar center These led hypothesis de-differentiation transient condition opposing re-differentiation needs initiated advantageous macrometastases (Figs 1A But why do re-differentiate? Invasive, were growth arrested, whereas proliferation detected metastasis, suggesting must reversed order fact inhibit 3). There publications confirming relevance (Chaffer 2006; Korpal Ocana 2012; Tsai perfect accordance failure EMT-causing attributed epigenetic regulation 3. Cellular plasticity governed provided window phenotypes cells. Drug sensitivity, proliferation, response apoptosis highest states, drug efflux, invasion, states. A hybrid provides maximal capacity, changes. Note extreme initiation, lost. Whereas investigated great detail below), less known about trigger reverse Is just lack EMT-inducing stimuli coupled reduced EMT-TFs? Several studies could show knockdown EMT-TF sufficient elicit vitro lines entities depletion Zeb1 mouse pancreatic fixes (Krebs Once ZEB-family (ZEB1 ZEB2) declines, reduction reinforced loop family microRNAs. During ZEB transcriptionally members. Vice versa, post-transcriptional level Thus, bidirectional transitions potentiated ZEB/miR-200 circuit (Bracken Burk Wellner 2009). branch inducible tumor-suppressor p53, miR-200s (Kim 2011). Upregulation consequences. It exerts both invasion- migration-inhibiting, tumor-suppressing (Peter, 2009), promotes (Korpal controversial, EMT-MET adapting respective Similar negative loop, miR-34 regulatory (Siemens Diaz-Lopez target themselves, BMI1, CD44, CD133, JAG1, MYC tumor-relevant "non-classical" discussed below Brabletz, 2010; Since slow multistep take requires different, sometimes apparently spatiotemporal manner, valid investigation remains challenging rely models. Recently, focusing EMT/MET using elegant 2012, al (2012) demonstrated induction, case TWIST, supports skin subsequent Twist1 downregulation necessary (Tsai 2012) Another study necessity MMTV-PyMT breast disseminate lung. EMT-state niche local fibroblasts turn (MET) (del Pozo Martin Esposito colleagues found E-selectin adhesion bone vascular elicits (Esposito summary, reports significance detailed still need further investigation. Partial long viewed binary separate populations. past, narrow perspective challenged means metastasis. One example analysis Fischer Fsp1-Cre lineage tracing Based finding lung consist had never switched full Fsp1+ authors concluded (Fischer nowadays accepted that, although reactivated types, fully end-stage Vimentin often expressed. rather gradual incomplete, termed Pastushenko Blanpain, 2019; Yang 2020) Over years, report vivo detection carrying combination markers. Already 1990s, analyses reported observations (Mareel 1992; Birchmeier Behrens, 1994). Later, circulating (CTCs) simultaneous (Yu 2013). Similarly, identified co-expression (EpCAM+) (Vim+) marker autochthonous murine prostate (Ruscetti linked single-cell transcriptomics head neck (Puram group occurring introduced term "hybrid" (Pastushenko 2018; 2021) Moreover, Bornes used (2015) incapable detecting majority disseminating partial/hybrid 2015; does mean important. evidence traps profoundly suppresses mammary (Ye oncogene-induced model, Xu (2017) required small subset (Xu Interestingly, modes involve levels observed. groups forming clusters. Indeed, type "collective migration" might common than dissemination, approaches clustered circulation (Friedl Aceto 2014; Cheung Nevertheless, despite appearance, characteristic detectable migrating (Aiello 2018), follow "leader" pave "follower" (Matise Chen Non-classical Besides drive phenotypes, regulating tumorigenesis Regulation Normal dependent source replenish dying committed terminally differentiated tissue. observation maintained after transplantations into mice, prompted (Reya Simplified, measured capability fractions mice. Strikingly, capacity increasing Shibue 2017; Wilson Overexpression SNAI1, TWIST1, CD44+/CD24lo pool, increased sphere vitro, elevated tumorigenicity (Mani Morel determines healthy gland converts luminal settings (Guo results obtained key determinant reciprocal ZEB1/miR-200 controlling BMI1 SOX2 (Shimono Krebs squamous (SCC) cooperatively CDKN2A (p16INK4A) promote capacities 2010). protocadherin FAT1 one player stemness. inactivated SCC involving CAMK2, SRC activities nuclear translocation YAP1 2021). another promoting factor, PRRX1, thereby uncoupling EMT/migration (Ocana PRRX1 isoform switching driving force (Takano Mechanistically, realm correlate gradually efficiencies seeding line idea addition (Shibue 2013; 2020), transformation. upregulation RAS transformed bronchial unleash favoring aggressive undifferentiated (Morel Liu 2014b; Larsen KRAS dependency (KRAS addiction) thresholds KRAS-dependent (Singh 2014b). effects evident ectopic Zeb2 intestinal epithelium transgenic Elevation generates absence cooperating defects (Slowicka 2020). Therapy Loss durable efficacy relapse initial successful treatment obstacles battle against Conventional favorably eliminating non-stem cell-like fails deplete properties. Settleman, Santamaria Dudas signatures acquisition strongly correlated, standard targeted EGFR PI3K inhibitors (Creighton Farmer Byers For example, gemcitabine-resistant Panc1 sensitized upon (Wellner routes include efflux evading anoikis former ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family, FOXC1 (Aller Singh Saxena contribute therapy-induced interfering p53 PTEN, BCL-XL (Vega Escriva Kurrey Wu Cao Experimentally HMLER 10-fold IC50 doses chemotherapeutics (Gupta Tulchinsky experiments, GFP-labeled PyMT high cyclophosphamide non-small-cell (NSCLC), AXL receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition, sustained activity Sequist Zhang Furthermore, HDAC class I demethylation resensitizes osteosarcoma chemotherapy (Meidhof

Language: Английский

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The molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of EMT in tumor progression and metastasis

Journal of Hematology & Oncology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Sept. 8, 2022

Abstract Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential process in normal embryonic development and tissue regeneration. However, aberrant reactivation of EMT associated with malignant properties tumor cells during cancer progression metastasis, including promoted migration invasiveness, increased stemness, enhanced resistance to chemotherapy immunotherapy. tightly regulated by a complex network which orchestrated several intrinsic extrinsic factors, multiple transcription post-translational control, epigenetic modifications, noncoding RNA-mediated regulation. In this review, we described the molecular mechanisms, signaling pathways, stages tumorigenesis involved discussed dynamic non-binary its role metastasis. Finally, summarized challenges immunotherapy proposed strategies for therapy targeting EMT.

Language: Английский

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Context-dependent EMT programs in cancer metastasis

The Journal of Experimental Medicine, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 216(5), P. 1016 - 1026

Published: April 11, 2019

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental process whereby stationary, adherent cells acquire the ability to migrate. EMT critical for dramatic cellular movements during embryogenesis; however, tumor can reactivate programs, which increases their aggressiveness. In addition motility, associated with enhanced stem cell properties and drug resistance; thus it drive metastasis, recurrence, therapy resistance in context of cancer. However, precise requirements metastasis have not been fully delineated, different types relying on discrete effectors. Most do undergo full EMT, but rather adopt some qualities mesenchymal maintain epithelial characteristics. Emerging evidence suggests that partial distinct migratory enhance epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity cancer as well fate plasticity. This review discusses diverse regulatory mechanisms functional consequences an emphasis importance EMT.

Language: Английский

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Lipids and cancer: Emerging roles in pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutic intervention

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 159, P. 245 - 293

Published: Jan. 1, 2020

With the advent of effective tools to study lipids, including mass spectrometry-based lipidomics, lipids are emerging as central players in cancer biology. Lipids function essential building blocks for membranes, serve fuel drive energy-demanding processes and play a key role signaling molecules regulators numerous cellular functions. Not unexpectedly, cells, well other cell types tumor microenvironment, exploit various ways acquire extensively rewire their metabolism part plastic context-dependent metabolic reprogramming that is driven by both oncogenic environmental cues. The resulting changes fate composition help cells thrive changing microenvironment supporting functions hallmarks, energetics, promoting feedforward signaling, resisting oxidative stresses, regulating intercellular communication immune responses. Supported close connection between altered lipid pathogenic process, specific profiles unique disease biomarkers, with diagnostic, prognostic predictive potential. Multiple preclinical studies illustrate translational promise exploiting cancer, critically, have shown context dependent actionable vulnerabilities can be rationally targeted, particularly combinatorial approaches. Moreover, themselves used membrane disrupting agents or components nanocarriers therapeutics. number compounds strategies approaching clinical trials, we at doorstep hitherto underappreciated hallmark promising target oncologist's strategy combat cancer.

Language: Английский

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Controversies around epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity in cancer metastasis

Nature reviews. Cancer, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 19(12), P. 716 - 732

Published: Oct. 30, 2019

Language: Английский

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Cellular Plasticity in Cancer

Cancer Discovery, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 9(7), P. 837 - 851

Published: April 16, 2019

Abstract During cancer progression, tumor cells undergo molecular and phenotypic changes collectively referred to as cellular plasticity. Such result from microenvironmental cues, stochastic genetic epigenetic alterations, and/or treatment-imposed selective pressures, thereby contributing heterogeneity therapy resistance. Epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity is the best-known case of cell plasticity, but recent work has uncovered other examples, often with functional consequences. In this review, we explore nature role(s) these diverse programs in premalignant evolution, adaptation consider ways which targeting could lead novel anticancer treatments. Significance: Changes identity, or are common at different stages it become clear that can be a potent mediator progression chemoresistance. Understanding mechanisms underlying various forms may deliver new strategies for most lethal aspects cancer: metastasis resistance therapy.

Language: Английский

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