ACS Omega,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
7(37), P. 33192 - 33198
Published: Sept. 8, 2022
In
this
study,
the
alcoholysis
of
furfuryl
alcohol
(FA)
into
ethyl
levulinate
(EL)
using
a
deep
eutectic
solvent
(DES)
composed
choline
chloride
(ChCl)
and
ethanol
was
investigated
by
experiments
calculations.
Experimental
results
reveal
that
addition
5-sulfonic
acid
salicylic
(5-SSA)
can
catalyze
FA
to
produce
EL.
The
combined
presence
ChCl
5-SSA
significantly
improved
selectivity
for
mechanism
EL
in
acidic
DES
density
functional
theory
(DFT)
calculations
Gaussian
03.
It
found
hydrogen-bond
acceptor
is
coupled
with
donor
form
structure
similar
HCl
ethoxy,
which
facilitates
Catalysis Today,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
442, P. 114905 - 114905
Published: June 26, 2024
Layered
materials,
including
tetravalent
metal
phosphates
and
phosphonates,
have
been
widely
investigated
in
several
fields
acting
as
good,
selective
catalysts
a
great
number
of
reactions.
In
the
present
work,
α-
γ-zirconium
(α-
γ-ZrP)
were
prepared
evaluated
esterification
reactions
levulinic
acid
(LA)
with
ethanol
(EtOH)
or
methanol
(MeOH)
using
conventional
reflux
method
(CV)
microwave
assisted
(MW).
The
best
selectivities
for
ethyl
methyl
levulinates
conversions
LA
achieved
γ-ZrP
MW
are
strongly
related
properties
structure
this
catalyst
used.
Two
intermediates,
5-ethoxy-5-methyldihydrofuran-2-one
also
designated
by
pseudo-ethyl
levulinate
(pseudo-EL)
5-methoxy-5-methyldihydrofuran-2-one
pseudo-methyl
(pseudo-ML)
formed.
Scientific Reports,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
15(1)
Published: March 20, 2025
Levulinic
acid
(LA),
a
biomass-derived
platform
chemical,
serves
as
precursor
for
butyl
levulinate
(BL),
versatile
intermediate
with
various
applications,
notably
green
blending
molecule
diesel
fuel.
In
this
study,
phosphomolybdic
supported
on
ZSM-5
catalysts
was
synthesized
and
utilized
an
effective
heterogeneous
catalyst
the
esterification
of
LA
1-butanol
to
produce
BL.
The
were
characterized
their
structure,
elemental
composition,
surface
area
using
XRD,
FTIR,
HRTEM,
EDS,
BET
analysis.
effect
reaction
parameters,
including
amount,
loading,
calcination
temperature,
time
conversion
BL,
are
systematically
discussed.
achieved
>
95%
BL
yield
maintained
high
stability
even
after
eight
cycles,
highlighting
its
potential
efficient
production.
A
kinetic
investigation
employing
pseudo-homogeneous
model
carried
out
explore
activation
energy
thermodynamic
parameters
pertinent
Additionally,
Nucleophilic
substitution
reactions,
alongside
two
mechanistic
models—Langmuir-Hinshelwood
Eley-Rideal—were
employed
comprehensively
elucidate
mechanism
involved
in
catalytic
processes.
SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
1
Published: April 1, 2025
<div
class="section
abstract"><div
class="htmlview
paragraph">Low-carbon
alternatives
to
diesel
are
needed
reduce
the
carbon
intensity
of
transport,
agriculture,
and
off-grid
power
generation
sectors,
where
compression
ignition
(CI)
engines
commonly
used.
Acid-catalysed
alcoholysis
produces
a
potentially
tailorable
low-carbon
advanced
biofuel
blend
comprised
mixtures
an
alkyl
levulinate,
dialkyl
ether,
starting
alcohol.
In
this
study,
model
based
on
products
expected
from
use
<i>n</i>-butanol
(butyl-based
blends)
as
alcohol,
were
blended
with
tested
in
Yanmar
L100V
single-cylinder
CI
engine.
Blends
formulated
meet
flash
point,
density,
kinematic
viscosity
limits
fuel
standards
for
diesel,
2022
version
BS
2869
(off-road).
No
changes
engine
set-up
made,
hence
testing
blends
their
potential
“drop-in”
fuels.
Changes
performance
emissions
determined
range
diesel/biofuel
compared
pure
baseline.
The
ratio
butyl-based
components
ranged
between
65
–
90
vol%
<i>n</i>-butyl
5
30
di-<i>n</i>-butyl
10
<i>n</i>-butanol.
Formulating
match
physical
property
ensured
that
operation
was
not
significantly
influenced
by
these
selected
properties.
Emissions
CO,
NO<sub>X</sub>,
total
hydrocarbons
(THC),
PM<sub>2.5</sub>
particle
number
(PN)
size
distributions
measured.
Compared
baseline
delays
longer.
brake-specific
consumption
some
at
high
loads
within
5%
Most
caused
less
than
3%
reduction
peak
in-cylinder
pressure
loads,
which
contributed
maintaining
efficiency.
PN
reduced
significantly.
CO
THC
specific
increased
relative
all
blends,
due
derived
cetane
number.
This
however,
resulted
premixed
combustion
favouring
reductions
particulate
emissions.
competing
effects
adiabatic
flame
temperatures
charge
cooling
effects,
NO<sub>X</sub>
close
those
diesel.
results
demonstrated
may
have
be
fuels
used
engines.</div></div>
ACS Omega,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: April 3, 2025
The
development
of
efficient
strategies
for
the
synthesis
levulinate
esters
is
significant
current
interest
due
to
their
potential
as
biofuels
and
fuel
additives.
Herein,
we
report
a
novel
strategy
access
derived
from
higher
alcohols
directly
levulinic
acid
through
in
situ
generation
lactone
intermediates
employing
commercial
heterogeneous
catalysts,
such
Amberlyst-15.
This
employs
telescoped
approach
which
lactonization/ring-opening
reactions
are
combined
into
an
operationally
simple
one-pot
procedure.
advantageous
it
readily
available
inexpensive
catalyst
proceeds
short
reaction
times
produce
excellent
yields
with
high
selectivity.
Furthermore,
Amberlyst-15
fully
recyclable
can
be
reused
without
loss
activity
or
Catalysis Today,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
418, P. 114054 - 114054
Published: Feb. 22, 2023
Butyl
levulinate
(BL)
represents
a
novel
diesel
bio-blendstock
and
versatile
intermediate
solvent.
The
one-pot
acid-catalyzed
conversion
of
C6-feedstocks,
employing
n-butanol
as
the
solvent/reagent,
implies
upgrading
low-cost
or,
even
better,
waste
biomasses
for
developing
prompt
process
intensification.
In
this
paper,
butanolysis
has
been
studied,
moving
from
model
glucose
microcrystalline
cellulose
to
feedstock
deriving
real
papermaking
process.
performances
obtained
with
biomass
have
optimized,
achieving
BL
yields
up
46
mol
%,
adopting
high-gravity
approach,
in
presence
diluted
sulfuric
acid
catalyst.
optimization
was
carried
out
also
perspective
minimizing
alcohol
etherification
dibutyl
ether,
carbonization
char
by-product,
whose
characterization
performed
identify
its
suitable
applications.
combined
production
both
valuable
bio-fuel
an
exploitable
carbonaceous
bio-material
can
pave
way
development
cellulosic
or
lignocellulosic
environmentally
sustainable
integrated
perspective,
agreement
principles
circular
bio-economy.
