Plastics and other extraneous matter in municipal solid waste compost: A systematic review of sources, occurrence, implications, and fate in amended soils

Environmental Advances, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15, P. 100494 - 100494

Published: Feb. 2, 2024

Municipal solid waste (MSW) composting is rapidly growing globally as a sustainable approach to valorize the organic fraction of municipal (OFMSW) into compost for agricultural use. However, MSW use in agriculture threatened by physical contaminants, mainly plastics, glass, metals, and stones compost, exceeding legal thresholds some cases. This study comprehensively reviews literature on various contaminants focusing sources, occurrence, environmental implications, fate amended soils. The review shows that are highly heterogeneous depending origin, source separation, sorting sieving practices before after composting. Plastics most widely occurring abundant contaminant reaching up 15,300 mg/kg capable inputting 536 kg plastics/ha/year Glass, stones, metals also regularly occur 17.2%, 18.2%, 1.5% mass respectively. Repeated application contaminated increases accumulation soils, severely impacting soil's physical, chemical, biological performance. Synthetic plastics compost-amended soils tend have long residence time, slowly degrading releasing small-sized plastic particles their metabolites. Further, they may be transported from point biotic or abiotic agents, posing secondary pollution effects. Microplastics (MPs) significant emerging present detection challenges regulatory laxity marketing. strategies mitigate include proper biowaste improved separation screening composting, adherence monitoring adoption compostable biodegradable collection.

Language: Английский

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Challenges and opportunities in managing biodegradable plastic waste: A review

Waste Management & Research The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Sept. 30, 2024

Biodegradable plastics have certain challenges in a waste management perspective. The existing literature reviews fail to provide consolidated overview of different process steps biodegradable plastic and discuss the support provided by legislation for same. present review provides holistic these comprehensive relative summary 13 European Union (EU) laws related circular economy, national legislations plus source separation guidelines countries, ensure optimal use resources future. Following were major findings: (i) numerous types low volumes pose challenge developing cost-effective infrastructure; (ii) are promoted as food-waste collection aids, but consumers often confused about their proper disposal prone greenwashing from manufacturers; (iii) industry-level studies demonstrating mechanical recycling on full scale unavailable; (iv) EU dealt with general topics plastics; however, only new proposal packaging policy framework bioplastics clearly mentioned (v) clear disparities observed between methods suggested available guidelines. Thus, appropriately manage waste, it is necessary develop processing material utilization infrastructure well create consumer awareness. In end, recommendations improved perspective systemic identified review.

Language: Английский

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Hydrothermal pre-treatments can make PLA and PBS bioplastics suitable for anaerobic digestion

Journal of environmental chemical engineering, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 116204 - 116204

Published: March 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Triggering Degradation of Cellulose Acetate by Embedded Enzymes: Accelerated Enzymatic Degradation and Biodegradation under Simulated Composting Conditions

Biomacromolecules, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(7), P. 3290 - 3303

Published: June 22, 2023

A green strategy that significantly accelerates the biodegradation rate of cellulose acetate (CA) by triggering deacetylation was demonstrated. Lipase isolated from Candida rugosa immobilized on CA particles (immobilized lipase (IL)) a physical entrapment method and further incorporated in films. After 40 days aging contact with external enzymes (lipase cellulase), number-average molecular weight (Mn) CA/IL 5% decreased 88%, while Mn only exhibited 48% reduction. Fourier transform infrared nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicated significant deacetylation, which supported decrease water angle 59 to 16°. These drastic changes were not observed for CA. Similar differences degradation during under simulated composting conditions. 180 composting, traces barely observable, large pieces still remained. This could open door modified lignocellulose materials retained biodegradability, also reducing requirements environment as process is initiated inside material.

Language: Английский

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Opportunities and Challenges in the Application of Bioplastics: Perspectives from Formulation, Processing, and Performance

Polymers, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(18), P. 2561 - 2561

Published: Sept. 10, 2024

Tremendously negative effects have been generated in recent decades by the continuously increasing production of conventional plastics and inadequate management their waste products. This demands materials within a circular economy, easy to recycle biodegrade, minimizing environmental impact cost competitiveness. Bioplastics represent sustainable alternative this scenario. However, replacement must be addressed considering several aspects along lifecycle, from bioplastic processing final application product. In review, using different additives, biomass sources, techniques on mechanical thermal behavior, as well biodegradability, bioplastics is discussed. The importance bioplasticizers highlighted, besides studying role surfactants, compatibilizers, cross-linkers, coupling agents, chain extenders. Cellulose, lignin, starch, chitosan, composites are analyzed part non-synthetic considered. Throughout study, emphasis use well-established manufacturing processes, such extrusion, injection, compression, or blow molding, since these ones that satisfy quality, productivity, requirements for large-scale industrial production. Particular attention also given fused deposition modeling, additive technique nowadays not only used making prototypes, but it being integrated into development parts wide variety biomedical applications. Finally, recyclability commercial discussed, some future perspectives challenges bio-based with conclusion technological innovations, economic incentives, policy changes could coupled individually driven solutions mitigate impacts associated plastics.

Language: Английский

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Chemical Recycling of Cellulose Acetate Eyewear Industry Waste by Hydrothermal Treatment

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 63(12), P. 5078 - 5088

Published: March 18, 2024

Cellulose acetate waste from eyewear industry is produced in considerable amounts, and its biodegradability not straightforward due to the presence of plasticizers slow kinetics deacetylation reactions. In this work, chemical recycling cellulose coming proposed through hydrothermal treatment with aim acetic acid diethyl phthalate recovery. was first characterized determine acetylation degree which measured be 2.45 amount 30% by weight. Hydrothermal tests were performed batch 10 mL reactors studying influence temperature (190–250 °C) reaction time (10–240 min). The products gas chromatography–mass spectrometry Fourier transformed IR analysis, order recovery percentage. maximum acid, 90%, obtained at 250 °C for a 30 min; these conditions, extracted about 20% weight, 65% undergoes hydrolysis high temperatures long times, decreasing degree. recovered mainly liquid phase ethanol 210 60 min 190, 240 it almost pure (>97%), efficiency 87%. decomposition products, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, detected an increase raising time. Aspen Plus simulation figure out whole process including separation products; preliminary energy balance indicates that combustion solid residue can contribute lower required process, results 800 MJ/h plant capacity ton day–1.

Language: Английский

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Numerical framework for anaerobic digestion and/or composting of bioplastics and organic waste performance evaluation under real-like large scale operating conditions

Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 37, P. 101418 - 101418

Published: Jan. 2, 2024

Bioplastics are newly designed and developed plastic materials to meet the criteria of sustainability sustainable development that present following characteristics: biobased, biodegradable or both properties. They include a whole family with different properties applications. certified as and/or compostable, according regulatory plan Italy other countries around world, must be collected organic waste follow same end-of-life path, i.e., recycling processes in anaerobic digestion industrial composting plants. However, it should noted they tests carried out under standardized optimal degradation conditions, is, conditions not always those found operation Improper management these can become an increasing problem their continued widespread use will require large volumes treated facilities biodegrade bioplastics, resulting potential contamination undegraded bioplastics digestate compost produced treatment conventional waste. The purpose this work is investigate most popular currently through separate collection actual operating plants biodegradation processes. Specifically, using studies conducted at laboratory scale evidence plant configuration real scale, Aspen Pus V12 program was used model simulate process integrated process. This evaluated level biodegradation, expressed percentage degraded mass, function implemented such temperature hydraulic residence time (HRT). have been focused on, PLA (rigid disposable containers: cups) starch-based shopping bags (SBS). results achieved show alone, after 28 days thermophilic degrade by 42%, SBS 44%. anaerobic/aerobic provides performance allows 85% 56% for PLA, respectively, case biopolymers subjected 90 composting.

Language: Английский

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Carbon Recycling of High Value Bioplastics: A Route to a Zero-Waste Future

Polymers, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(12), P. 1621 - 1621

Published: June 7, 2024

Today, 98% of all plastics are fossil-based and non-biodegradable, globally, only 9% recycled. Microplastic nanoplastic pollution is just beginning to be understood. As the global demand for sustainable alternatives conventional continues rise, biobased biodegradable have emerged as a promising solution. This review article delves into pivotal concept carbon recycling pathway towards achieving zero-waste future through production utilization high-value bioplastics. The comprehensively explores current state bioplastics (biobased and/or materials), emphasizing importance carbon-neutral circular approaches in their lifecycle. chiefly used low-value applications, such packaging single-use items. sheds light on value-added like longer-lasting components products, demanding properties, which increasingly being deployed. Based waste hierarchy paradigm—reduce, reuse, recycle—different use cases end-of-life scenarios materials will described, including technological options recycling, from mechanical chemical methods. A special emphasis common bioplastics—TPS, PLA, PHAs—as well discussion composites, provided. While it acknowledged that (waste) crisis stems largely mismanagement, needs stated radical solution must come core material side, intrinsic properties polymers formulations. manner cascaded bioplastics, labeling, legislation, technologies, consumer awareness can contribute topics this article.

Language: Английский

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Operating conditions and microbial dynamics transition to sustain integrated anaerobic and aerobic treatment of organic solid wastes for energy and nutrient recovery

Chemical Engineering Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 496, P. 153682 - 153682

Published: July 2, 2024

Language: Английский

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Enhancing anaerobic methane production in the co-presence of PLA, TPS, and PBAT mixed under hydrogen-rich conditions

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 202, P. 106094 - 106094

Published: April 14, 2025

Language: Английский

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