The Lancet Microbe, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 4(6), P. e418 - e430
Published: April 20, 2023
Language: Английский
New England Journal of Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 387(11), P. 1011 - 1020
Published: Aug. 31, 2022
T he coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has claimed an estimated 15 million lives, including more than 1 lives in the United States alone.The rapid development of multiple Covid-19 vaccines been a triumph biomedical research, and billions vaccine doses have administered worldwide.Challenges facing field include inequitable distribution, hesitancy, waning immunity, emergence highly transmissible viral variants that partially escape antibodies.This review summarizes current state knowledge about immune responses to importance both humoral cellular immunity for durable protection against severe disease. A nti v ir l Immunit yThe system is broadly divided into innate adaptive systems.Innate are first line defense viruses rapidly triggered when pattern-recognition receptors, such as toll-like recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns.Innate antiviral includes secretion type I interferons, cytokines, certain responses, neutrophils, monocytes macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells. Adaptive second viruses, involve antigen-specific recognition epitopes.Adaptive two complementary branches system: immunity.Humoral acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies bind SARS-CoV-2 spike protein either neutralize virus or eliminate it through other effector mechanisms. 2,3ellular virus-specific B cells which provide long-term immunologic memory expand on reexposure antigen.B produce antibodies, CD8+ directly virally infected CD4+ help support responses.5][6][7] For variant largely escapes neutralizing may be particularly important longterm
Language: Английский
Citations
386
Immunological Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 310(1), P. 6 - 26
Published: June 5, 2022
Antibodies against epitopes in S1 give the most accurate CoP infection by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Measurement of those antibodies neutralization or binding assays both have predictive value, with antibody titers giving highest statistical correlation. However, protective functions are multiple. multiple other than influence efficacy. The role cellular responses can be discerned respect to CD4
Language: Английский
Citations
241
Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 377(6608), P. 821 - 822
Published: Aug. 18, 2022
T cell immunity may be critical for long-term protection by COVID-19 vaccines.
Language: Английский
Citations
182
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(1)
Published: July 19, 2022
Recently, a large number of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants continuously emerged and posed major threat to global public health. Among them, particularly, Omicron variant (B.1.1.529), first identified in November 2021, carried numerous mutations its spike protein (S), then quickly spread around the world. Currently, has expanded into more than one hundred sublineages, such as BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.4 BA.5, which have already become globally dominant variants. Different from other concern (VOCs) SARS-CoV-2, sublineages exhibit increased transmissibility immune escape neutralizing antibodies generated through previous infection or vaccination, caused re-infections breakthrough infections. In this prospective, we focused on origin, virological features, evasion intervention will benefit development next-generation vaccines therapeutics, including pan-sarbecovirus universal anti-CoV combat currently circulating future emerging well SARS-CoV-2
Language: Английский
Citations
137
Annual Review of Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 41(1), P. 343 - 373
Published: Feb. 8, 2023
A large body of evidence generated in the last two and a half years addresses roles T cells SARS-CoV-2 infection following vaccination. Infection or vaccination induces multi-epitope CD4 CD8 cell responses with polyfunctionality. Early have been associated mild COVID-19 outcomes. In concert animal model data, these results suggest that while antibody are key to prevent infection, may also play valuable reducing disease severity controlling infection. memory after is sustained for at least six months. While neutralizing impacted by variants, most preserved. This review highlights extensive progress made, data knowledge gaps remain, our understanding vaccines.
Language: Английский
Citations
122
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(1)
Published: May 10, 2023
Abstract The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has devastating impacts on the public health and economy. Rapid viral antigenic evolution led to continual generation new variants. Of special note is recently expanding Omicron subvariants that are capable immune evasion from most existing neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). This posed challenges for prevention treatment COVID-19. Therefore, exploring broad-spectrum antiviral agents combat emerging variants imperative. In sharp contrast massive accumulation mutations within SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD), S2 fusion subunit remained highly conserved among Hence, S2-based therapeutics may provide effective cross-protection against Here, we summarize developed inhibitors (e.g., nAbs, peptides, proteins, small-molecule compounds) candidate vaccines targeting elements in subunit. main focus includes all targetable elements, namely, peptide, stem helix, heptad repeats 1 (HR1-HR2) bundle. Moreover, a detailed summary characteristics action-mechanisms each class cross-reactive inhibitors, which should guide promote future design coronaviruses.
Language: Английский
Citations
48
Nature, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 626(7998), P. 385 - 391
Published: Dec. 14, 2023
Abstract A limitation of current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is that they provide minimal protection against infection with Omicron subvariants 1,2 , although still severe disease. Enhanced mucosal immunity may be required to block and onward transmission. Intranasal administration has proven inconsistent 3–7 suggesting alternative immunization strategies required. Here we show intratracheal boosting a bivalent Ad26-based vaccine results in substantial induction humoral cellular near-complete BQ.1.1 challenge. total 40 previously immunized rhesus macaques were boosted Ad26 by the intramuscular, intranasal routes, or mRNA route. route led expansion neutralizing antibodies, IgG IgA binding CD8 + CD4 T cell responses, which exceeded those induced intramuscular routes. Intratracheal also robust upregulation cytokine, natural killer, B pathways lungs. After challenge high dose BQ.1.1, provided protection, whereas other proved less effective. Protective efficacy correlated best immune responses. These data demonstrate these induce immunity, feasibility developing respiratory viral infections.
Language: Английский
Citations
44
Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(2), P. 119 - 133
Published: Jan. 18, 2024
The COVID-19 pandemic, which was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a worldwide health crisis due to its transmissibility. SARS-CoV-2 infection results in illness and can lead significant complications affected individuals. These encompass symptoms such as coughing, distress, fever, infectious shock, distress (ARDS), even multiple-organ failure. Animal models serve crucial tools for investigating pathogenic mechanisms, immune responses, escape antiviral drug development, vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Currently, various animal infection, nonhuman primates (NHPs), ferrets, hamsters, many different mouse models, have been developed. Each model possesses distinctive features applications. In this review, we elucidate the response elicited patients provide an overview of characteristics mainly used well corresponding responses applications these models. A comparative analysis transcriptomic alterations lungs from revealed that K18-hACE2 mouse-adapted virus exhibited highest similarity with deceased patients. Finally, highlighted current gaps related research between studies clinical investigations, underscoring lingering scientific questions demand further clarification.
Language: Английский
Citations
18
Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13(1)
Published: July 18, 2022
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has more than 15 mutations in the receptor binding domain of Spike protein enabling increased transmissibility and viral escape from antibodies vaccinated individuals. It is unclear how vaccine immunity protects against infection. Here we show that participants at a super-spreader event have robust recall response humoral pre-existing cellular induced by vaccines, an emergent de novo T cell to non-Spike antigens. Individuals with breakthrough infections significantly activated wild type Spike-specific cytotoxic cells, follicular helper (T
Language: Английский
Citations
60
Frontiers in Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13
Published: Aug. 19, 2022
The devastating COVID-19 pandemic has caused more than six million deaths worldwide during the last 2 years. Effective therapeutic agents are greatly needed, yet promising magic bullets still do not exist. Numerous natural products (cordycepin, gallinamide A, plitidepsin, telocinobufagin, and tylophorine) have been widely studied play a potential function in treating COVID-19. In this paper, we reviewed published studies (from May 2021 to April 2022) relating closely bioactive (isolated from medicinal plants, animals products, marine organisms) therapy
Language: Английский
Citations
58