Rhodopsins at a glance

Journal of Cell Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 134(22)

Published: Nov. 15, 2021

Rhodopsins are photoreceptive membrane proteins consisting of a common heptahelical transmembrane architecture that contains retinal chromophore. Rhodopsin was first discovered in the animal retina 1876, but different type rhodopsin, bacteriorhodopsin, reported to be present cell an extreme halophilic archaeon, Halobacterium salinarum, 95 years later. Although these findings were made by physiological observation pigmented tissue and bodies, recent progress genomic metagenomic analyses has revealed there more than 10,000 microbial rhodopsins 9000 with large diversity tremendous new functionality. In this Cell Science at Glance article accompanying poster, we provide overview functions, structures, color discrimination mechanisms optogenetic applications two rhodopsin families, will also highlight third distinctive family, heliorhodopsin.

Language: Английский

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The life and death of RNA across temperatures

Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 20, P. 4325 - 4336

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

Temperature is an environmental condition that has a pervasive effect on cells along with all the molecules and reactions in them. The mechanisms by which prototypical RNA sense withstand heat have been identified mostly bacteria archaea. relevance of these phenomena is, however, broader, similar recently found throughout tree life, from sex determination reptiles to adaptation viral polymerases, genetic disorders humans. We illustrate temperature dependence metabolism examples synthesis degradation mRNAs, review emerged questions. Are exposed greater variations gradients than previously surmised? How do reconcile conflicting thermal stability requirements primary tertiary structures RNAs? To what extent enzymes contribute compensation reaction rates mRNA turnover lowering energy barrier catalyzed reactions? conclude ecological, forensic applications temperature-dependence biotechnological aspects vaccine production.

Language: Английский

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A Comprehensive Overview of the Neural Mechanisms of Light Therapy

Neuroscience Bulletin, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 40(3), P. 350 - 362

Published: Aug. 9, 2023

Abstract Light is a powerful environmental factor influencing diverse brain functions. Clinical evidence supports the beneficial effect of light therapy on several diseases, including depression, cognitive dysfunction, chronic pain, and sleep disorders. However, precise mechanisms underlying effects are still not well understood. In this review, we critically evaluate current clinical showing diseases. addition, introduce research progress regarding neural circuit modulatory functions, mood, memory, pain perception, sleep, circadian rhythm, development, metabolism.

Language: Английский

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Opsins outside the eye and the skin: a more complex scenario than originally thought for a classical light sensor

Cell and Tissue Research, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 385(3), P. 519 - 538

Published: July 8, 2021

Language: Английский

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Ontogeny and function of the circadian clock in intestinal organoids

The EMBO Journal, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 41(2)

Published: Oct. 27, 2021

Circadian rhythms regulate diverse aspects of gastrointestinal physiology ranging from the composition microbiota to motility. However, development intestinal circadian clock and detailed mechanisms regulating intestine remain largely unknown. In this report, we show that both pluripotent stem cell-derived human organoids engrafted into mice patient-derived enteroids possess demonstrate phase-dependent necrotic cell death responses Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB). Intriguingly, mouse anti-phasic TcdB. RNA-Seq analysis shows ~3-10% detectable transcripts are rhythmically expressed in enteroids. Remarkably, observe gene expression Rac1, a small GTPase directly inactivated by TcdB, between enteroids, disruption Rac1 abolishes clock-dependent responses. Our findings uncover robust functions clock-controlled genes governing organism-specific, responses, lay foundation for organ- disease-specific investigation using translational applications.

Language: Английский

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Opsin 5 is a key regulator of ultraviolet radiation‐induced melanogenesis in human epidermal melanocytes*

British Journal of Dermatology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 185(2), P. 391 - 404

Published: Jan. 6, 2021

Background Human skin, which is constantly exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), has a unique ability respond by increasing its pigmentation in protective process driven melanogenesis human epidermal melanocytes (HEMs). However, the molecular mechanisms used HEMs detect and UVR remain unclear. Objectives To investigate function potential mechanism of opsin 5 (OPN5), photoreceptor responsive wavelengths, HEMs. Methods Melanin content was determined using NaOH method, activity tyrosinase (TYR) (a key enzyme melanin synthesis) l-DOPA method. OPN5 expression UVR-treated vs. untreated explant tissues detected reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), Western blotting immunofluorescence. Short interfering RNA-mediated knockdown lentivirus overexpression model were examine their respective effects on TYR, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP1), TRP2 microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression, under UVR. Changes TRP1 caused changes level RT-qPCR blot. Furthermore, signalling pathway proteins assayed. Results We found that sensor responsible for UVR-induced melanogenesis. OPN5-induced required Ca2+-dependent G protein-coupled receptor- kinase C signal transduction, thus contributing MITF response mediate downstream cellular effects, providing evidence mammalian phototransduction. Remarkably, activation necessary increase an inherent melanocyte Conclusions Our results provide insight into sensing phototransduction melanocytes, may reveal targets preventing or pigment diseases.

Language: Английский

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Contributions of White and Brown Adipose Tissues to the Circadian Regulation of Energy Metabolism

Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 162(3)

Published: Jan. 16, 2021

The term energy metabolism comprises the entirety of chemical processes associated with uptake, conversion, storage, and breakdown nutrients. All these must be tightly regulated in time space to ensure metabolic homeostasis an environment characterized by cycles such as succession day night. Most organisms evolved endogenous circadian clocks achieve this goal. In mammals, a ubiquitous network cellular is coordinated pacemaker residing hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus. Adipocytes harbor their own clocks, large aspects adipose physiology are manner through transcriptional regulation clock-controlled genes. White tissue (WAT) stores form triglycerides at times high levels that then serve fuel need. It also functions endocrine organ, releasing factors regulate food intake turnover other tissues. Brown (BAT) produces heat nonshivering thermogenesis, process controlled clock. We here review how WAT BAT contribute metabolism. describe rhythms interplay systemic signals local summarize adipose-originating feed-back on homeostasis. role control becomes increasingly clear disruption leads alterations regulation, promoting obesity its sequelae. Stabilizing rhythms, turn, may help combat disrupted obesity.

Language: Английский

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Evolutionary Constraint on Visual and Nonvisual Mammalian Opsins

Journal of Biological Rhythms, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 36(2), P. 109 - 126

Published: March 25, 2021

Animals have evolved light-sensitive G protein-coupled receptors, known as opsins, to detect coherent and ambient light for visual nonvisual functions. These opsins satisfy the particular lighting niches of organisms that express them. While many unique patterns evolution been identified in mammals rod cone far less is about atypical mammalian opsins. Using genomic data from over 400 species 22 orders, each were identified, including photoisomerases, RGR-opsin (RGR) peropsin (RRH), well encephalopsin (OPN3), melanopsin (OPN4), neuropsin (OPN5). The results demonstrate OPN5 rhodopsin show extreme conservation across all lineages. SWS1 LWS, OPN3 RRH, a moderate degree sequence relative other with some instances lineage-specific gene loss. Finally, photoisomerase, RGR, best-studied opsin, OPN4, high diversity within mammals. are maintained human populations. Importantly, retain key amino acid residues important conjugation retinal-based chromophores, permitting sensitivity. discussed along functions such circadian or metabolic physiology, provide insight into observed evolutionary constraint.

Language: Английский

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The Sympathetic Innervation of Adipose Tissues: Regulation, Functions, and Plasticity

Comprehensive physiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 4985 - 5021

Published: June 26, 2023

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a crucial arm of the peripheral (PNS) and includes catecholaminergic neurons that release norepinephrine (NE) onto numerous effector tissues organs in body. SNS innervation both white (WAT) brown adipose tissue (BAT) clearly essential for proper function metabolic control, as decades surgical, chemical, genetic denervation studies have demonstrated. Despite our vast knowledge about innervation, especially context cold-stimulated browning thermogenesis are under newer data now provide nuanced view supply to adipose, including its regulation by local neuroimmune cells neurotrophic factors, co-release modulatory neuropeptides along with NE, importance drive versus systemic increases circulating catecholamines, long-overlooked interplay between sensory nerves. This article brings modern patterns WAT BAT, how image quantify nerve supply, contributions functions, nerves respond remodeling plasticity changing energy demands. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4985-5021, 2023.

Language: Английский

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Male rat hypothalamic extraretinal photoreceptor Opsin3 is sensitive to osmotic stimuli and light

Journal of Neuroendocrinology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 36(2)

Published: Jan. 9, 2024

The light-sensitive protein Opsin 3 (Opn3) is present throughout the mammalian brain; however, role of Opn3 in this organ remains unknown. Since encoded mRNA modulated supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus hypothalamus response to osmotic stimuli, we have explored by situ hybridization expression these nuclei. We demonstrated that male rat magnocellular neurones expressing either arginine vasopressin or oxytocin neuropeptides increases both neuronal types suggesting functions cell it might be involved regulating water balance. Using hypothalamic organotypic cultures, sensitive light observed sensitivity mediated, at least part, Opn3. data suggests can mediate a regulate circadian homeostatic processes.

Language: Английский

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