The T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2

Nature Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(2), P. 186 - 193

Published: Feb. 1, 2022

Language: Английский

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The immunology and immunopathology of COVID-19

Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 375(6585), P. 1122 - 1127

Published: March 10, 2022

Considerable research effort has been made worldwide to decipher the immune response triggered upon severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, identify drivers of and fatal COVID-19, understand what leads prolongation symptoms after disease resolution. We review results almost years COVID-19 immunology discuss definitive findings remaining questions regarding our understanding pathophysiology. emerging differences in responses seen those with without Long Covid syndrome, also known as post-acute sequelae SARS-CoV-2. hope that knowledge gained from this will be applied studies inflammatory processes involved critical chronic illnesses, which remain a major unmet need.

Language: Английский

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Small molecules in the treatment of COVID-19

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: Dec. 5, 2022

Abstract The outbreak of COVID-19 has become a global crisis, and brought severe disruptions to societies economies. Until now, effective therapeutics against are in high demand. Along with our improved understanding the structure, function, pathogenic process SARS-CoV-2, many small molecules potential anti-COVID-19 effects have been developed. So far, several antiviral strategies were explored. Besides directly inhibition viral proteins such as RdRp M pro , interference host enzymes including ACE2 proteases, blocking relevant immunoregulatory pathways represented by JAK/STAT, BTK, NF-κB, NLRP3 pathways, regarded feasible drug development. development treat achieved strategies, computer-aided lead compound design screening, natural product discovery, repurposing, combination therapy. Several representative remdesivir paxlovid proved or authorized emergency use countries. And candidates entered clinical-trial stage. Nevertheless, due epidemiological features variability issues it is necessary continue exploring novel COVID-19. This review discusses current findings for treatment. Moreover, their detailed mechanism action, chemical structures, preclinical clinical efficacies discussed.

Language: Английский

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Protective neutralizing epitopes in SARS‐CoV‐2

Immunological Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 310(1), P. 76 - 92

Published: May 22, 2022

Abstract The COVID‐19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented health crisis and economic burden worldwide. Its etiological agent SARS‐CoV‐2, a new virus in the coronavirus family, infected hundreds of millions people SARS‐CoV‐2 evolved over past 2 years to increase its transmissibility as well evade immunity established by previous infection vaccination. Nevertheless, strong immune responses can be elicited viral vaccination, which have proved protective against emergence variants, particularly with respect hospitalization or severe disease. Here, we review our current understanding how enters host cell system is able defend entry infection. Neutralizing antibodies are major component defense been extensively studied for variants. Structures these neutralizing provided valuable insights into epitopes that original ancestral variants emerged. molecular characterization epitope conservation resistance important design next‐generation vaccines antibody therapeutics.

Language: Английский

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The RIG-I receptor adopts two different conformations for distinguishing host from viral RNA ligands

Molecular Cell, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 82(21), P. 4131 - 4144.e6

Published: Oct. 21, 2022

RIG-I is an essential innate immune receptor for detecting and responding to infection by RNA viruses. specifically recognizes the unique molecular features of viral molecules selectively distinguishes them from closely related RNAs abundant in host cells. The physical basis this exquisite selectivity revealed through a series high-resolution cryo-EM structures complex with ligands. These studies demonstrate that actively samples double-stranded cytoplasm adopting two different types protein folds. Upon binding RNA, adopts high-affinity conformation conducive signaling, while induces autoinhibited stimulates release. By coupling folding selectivity, differ as little one phosphate group, thereby explaining selective antiviral sensing induction autoimmunity upon dysregulation.

Language: Английский

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Updated Insights into the T Cell-Mediated Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2: A Step towards Efficient and Reliable Vaccines

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(1), P. 101 - 101

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

The emergence of novel variants SARS-CoV-2 and their abilities to evade the immune response elicited through presently available vaccination makes it essential recognize mechanisms which interacts with human response. It is not only comprehend infection mechanism but also for generation effective reliable vaccines against COVID-19. effectiveness vaccine supported by adaptive response, mainly consists B T cells, play a critical role in deciding prognosis COVID-19 disease. cells are reducing viral load containing infection. A plethora proteins can be recognized provide broad range protection, especially amid SARS-CoV-2. However, hyperactivation effector reduced number lymphocytes have been found key characteristics severe Notably, excessive cell activation may cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) producing unwarranted amounts cytokines chemokines. Nevertheless, still unknown how T-cell-mediated responses function determining Additionally, functional perturbations lead form disease protection many other infections. Hence, an updated review has developed understand involvement mechanism, turn determines Importantly, we focused on cells’ exhaustion under certain conditions these modulated therapeutic strategies discussed that elevate cell-mediated either directly or indirectly.

Language: Английский

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Aged brain and neuroimmune responses to COVID-19: post-acute sequelae and modulatory effects of behavioral and nutritional interventions

Immunity & Ageing, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 20(1)

Published: April 12, 2023

Advanced age is one of the significant risk determinants for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related mortality and long COVID complications. The contributing factors may include age-related dynamical remodeling immune system, known as immunosenescence chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. Both these induce an inflammatory milieu in aged brain drive changes microenvironment neurons microglia, which are characterized by a general condition inflammation, so-called neuroinflammation. Emerging evidence reveals that privilege aging be compromised. Resident cells, such astrocytes, neurons, oligodendrocytes but also infiltrating monocytes, T cells macrophages participate complex intercellular networks multiple reciprocal interactions. Especially microglia playing regulatory role contribute to disturbing homeostasis impairments neuroimmune responses. Neuroinflammation trigger structural damage, diminish regeneration, neuronal cell death, modulate synaptic this manner negatively interfere with functions.In review article, we give insights into interactions highlight impact COVID-19 on functional systems already modulated We discuss potential ways severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) proposed mechanisms biological development persisting conditions. summarize responsible COVID, including autoimmunity, direct virus-mediated cytotoxicity, hypercoagulation, mitochondrial failure, dysbiosis, reactivation other viruses, Cytomegalovirus (CMV). Finally, effects various interventional options can decrease propagation biological, physiological, psychosocial stressors activation inhibit triggering unbalanced modulatory bioactive nutritional compounds along multimodal benefits behavioral interventions moderate exercise, applied postinfectious order improve health.

Language: Английский

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The Influence of Cross-Reactive T Cells in COVID-19

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(3), P. 564 - 564

Published: March 2, 2024

Memory T cells form from the adaptive immune response to historic infections or vaccinations. Some memory have potential recognise unrelated pathogens like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and generate cross-reactive responses. Notably, such cell cross-reactivity has been observed between SARS-CoV-2 other human coronaviruses. also variants microbes vaccinations against influenza A, tuberculosis measles, mumps rubella. Extensive research debate is underway understand mechanism role of how it relates Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes. Here, we review evidence for ability pre-existing cross-react with SARS-CoV-2. We discuss latest findings on impact extent which can cross-protect COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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Immune interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Sept. 27, 2023

SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) are major infectious causes of death, with meta-analyses population-based studies finding increased mortality in co-infected patients simultaneously diagnosed COVID-19 (TB). There is a need to understand the immune interaction between which impacts poor outcomes for those co-infected. We performed PubMed preprint search using keywords [SARS-CoV-2] AND [tuberculosis] [Immune response], including publications after January 2020, excluding reviews or opinions. Abstracts were evaluated by authors inclusion data specifically investigating innate and/or acquired responses humans animal models, immunopathological co-infection both trials investigations potential protection against Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG). Of 248 articles identified, 39 included. Incidence discussed, considering areas high burden TB, where reported likely underestimated. evidence clinical association discuss differences similarities murine studies, implications co-infection. have been shown modulate responses, particularly monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, T cells. Co-infection may result impaired immunity SARS-CoV-2, an exacerbated inflammatory response, while cell be modulated SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, there has no proven benefit BCG despite numerous large-scale trials.

Language: Английский

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The dual role of toll-like receptors in COVID-19: Balancing protective immunity and immunopathogenesis

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 137836 - 137836

Published: Nov. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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