Nanovaccines: A game changing approach in the fight against infectious diseases

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 167, P. 115597 - 115597

Published: Sept. 30, 2023

The field of nanotechnology has revolutionised global attempts to prevent, treat, and eradicate infectious diseases in the foreseen future. Nanovaccines have proven be a valuable pawn this novel technology. are made up nanoparticles that associated with or prepared components can stimulate host's immune system. In addition their delivery capabilities, nanocarriers been demonstrated possess intrinsic adjuvant properties, working as cell stimulators. Thus, nanovaccines potential promote rapid well long-lasting humoral cellular immunity. several possible benefits, including site-specific antigen delivery, increased bioavailability, diminished adverse effect profile. To avail these nanoparticle-based vaccines being developed, virus-like particles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanogels, lipid emulsion vaccines, exomes, inorganic nanoparticles. Inspired by distinctive researchers on development for variety applications, such cancer immunotherapy diseases. Although few challenges still need overcome, modulation nanoparticle pharmacokinetics avoid elimination from bloodstream reticuloendothelial system, future prospects technology also assuring, multiple options personalised needle-free formulations, combination promising candidates.

Language: Английский

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Enhancing the immunogenicity of lipid-nanoparticle mRNA vaccines by adjuvanting the ionizable lipid and the mRNA

Nature Biomedical Engineering, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Sept. 7, 2023

Language: Английский

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Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) and COVID-19: Unveiling the Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentialities with a Special Focus on Long COVID

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(3), P. 699 - 699

Published: March 19, 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused havoc all around the world. causative agent of is novel form coronavirus (CoV) named SARS-CoV-2, which results in immune system disruption, increased inflammation, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). T cells have been important components system, decide fate disease. Recent studies reported an subset known as regulatory (Tregs), possess immunosuppressive immunoregulatory properties play a crucial role prognosis shown that patients considerably fewer Tregs than general population. Such decrement may impact on number ways, including diminishing effect inflammatory inhibition, creating inequality Treg/Th17 percentage, raising chance failure. Having enhance likelihood long COVID development addition to contributing disease's poor prognosis. Additionally, tissue-resident provide tissue repair activities, aid recovery patients. severity illness also linked abnormalities Tregs' phenotype, such reduced expression FoxP3 other cytokines, IL-10 TGF-beta. Hence, this review, we summarize mechanisms their possible roles Furthermore, perturbations associated with disease severity. are explained COVID. This review discusses potential therapeutic management COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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The Role of Memory T-Cell Mediated Immunity in Long-term COVID-19: Effects of Vaccination Status.

PubMed, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 50(2), P. 61 - 68

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

T-cell-mediated immunity is essential for controlling severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) infection, preventing disease, and potentially reducing the risk of long-term disease (COVID). This study investigated impact natural vaccination, hybrid on T-cell responses, with a particular emphasis role memory T-cells in COVID-19. The present reviewed current literature including development, individuals SARS-CoV-2 those vaccinated messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, immunity. It examined studies that compared activity, immune regulation, prevalence COVID-19 across these groups. Natural infection induces variable cases showing stronger but sometimes dysregulated immunological which may contribute to prolonged Vaccination, particularly mRNA elicits targeted consistent T-cells, severity, incidence Hybrid combines provides most robust protection, enhanceds reduces through balanced regulation. Memory play critical mitigating Vaccination significantly enhances immunity, minimizing chronic symptoms alone. effective defense, emphasizing importance even after prevent

Language: Английский

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Immunomodulatory approaches in managing lung inflammation in COVID‐19: A double‐edge sword

Immunity Inflammation and Disease, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(9)

Published: Sept. 1, 2023

Abstract Introduction The novel coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID‐19) which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has emerged as a gigantic problem. lung the major target organ of SARS‐CoV‐2 and some its variants like Delta Omicron variant adapted in such way that these can significantly damage this vital body. These raised few eyebrows outbreaks have been seen vaccinated population. Patients develop illnesses eventually prove fatal unless treated early. Main Body Studies shown causes release pro‐inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐1β tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α are mediators inflammation, damage, fever, fibrosis. Additionally, various chemokines found to play an important role progression. A plethora “cytokine storm” observed cases infection leading distress (ARDS) pneumonia may fatal. To counteract cytokine storm‐inducing several promising immunomodulatory approaches being investigated numerous clinical trials. However, benefits using strategies should outweigh risks involved use certain immunosuppressive might lead host susceptible secondary bacterial infections. Conclusion present review discusses manage inflammation COVID‐19 serve potential therapeutic options future lifesaving.

Language: Английский

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Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Influences on the Vaccines’ Effectiveness and Possible Strategies to Overcome Their Consequences

Medicina, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 59(3), P. 507 - 507

Published: March 5, 2023

The immune response elicited by the current COVID-19 vaccinations declines with time, especially among immunocompromised population. Furthermore, emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants, particularly Omicron variant, has raised serious concerns about efficacy currently available vaccines in protecting most vulnerable people. Several studies have reported that vaccinated people get breakthrough infections amid cases. So far, five variants concern (VOCs) been reported, resulting successive waves infection. These shown a variable amount resistance towards neutralising antibodies (nAbs) either through natural infection or vaccination. spike (S) protein, membrane (M) and envelope (E) protein on viral surface N-nucleocapsid core ribonucleoprotein are major structural vaccine target proteins against COVID-19. Among these targets, S Protein extensively exploited to generate effective Hence, SARS-CoV-2, we discussed their impact vaccines. We also potential roles development vaccination approaches contain negative consequences variants’ acquisition mutations SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, implications SARS-CoV-2’s were terms elicit an response.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19: from immune response to clinical intervention

Precision Clinical Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 7(3)

Published: July 17, 2024

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has highlighted pivotal role of immune response in determining progression and severity viral infections. In this paper, we review most recent studies on complicated dynamics between SARS-CoV-2 host system, highlight importance understanding these developing effective treatments formulate potent management strategies for COVID-19. We describe activation host's innate immunity subsequent adaptive following infection with SARS-CoV-2. addition, emphasizes evasion SARS-CoV-2, including inhibition interferon production induction cytokine storms, along resulting clinical outcomes. Finally, assess efficacy current treatment strategies, antiviral drugs, monoclonal antibodies, anti-inflammatory treatments, discuss their providing preventing disease.

Language: Английский

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Immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae -derived extracellular vesicles as a novel vaccine candidate

Virulence, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16(1)

Published: Jan. 20, 2025

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is a significant pathogen in the swine industry, leading to substantial economic losses and highlighting need for effective vaccines. This study evaluates potential of APP-derived extracellular vesicles (APP-EVs) as vaccine candidate compared commercial Coglapix vaccine. APP-EVs, isolated using tangential flow filtration (TFF) cushioned ultracentrifugation, exhibited an average size 105 nm zeta −17.4 mV. These EVs demonstrated stability under external stressors, such pH changes enzymatic exposure were found contain 86 major metabolites. Additionally, APP-EVs induced dendritic cell (DC) maturation Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. predominantly elicited Th1-mediated IgG responses immunized mice liver kidney toxicity. Contrarily, unlike Coglapix, which stronger Th2-mediated notable In addition, triggered APP-specific Th1, Th17, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) promoted activation multifunctional T-cells. Notably, APP-EV immunization enhanced macrophage phagocytosis improved survival rates challenged with APP infection those treated Coglapix. findings suggest that are promising candidates, capable inducing potent T-cell responses, particularly CTL, T-cells, thereby enhancing protective immune response against infection.

Language: Английский

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Bronchoalveolar lavage single-cell transcriptomics reveals immune dysregulations driving COVID-19 severity

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 20(2), P. e0309880 - e0309880

Published: Feb. 10, 2025

The continuous threats posed by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, including emergence of potentially more infectious and deadly variants, necessitate ongoing studies to uncover novel detailed mechanisms driving disease severity. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we conducted a secondary data analysis bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from COVID-19 patients varying severities healthy controls comprehensively examine immune responses. We observed significant cell alterations correlating with In severe cases, macrophages showed upregulation pro-inflammatory genes TNFα IL1β, contributing inflammation tissue damage. Neutrophils exhibited increased activation, marked S100A8, CXCL8, IL1β expression, extended viability reduced phagocytosis. Genes such as MCL1 HIF1α supported viability, while MSR1 MRC1 indicated Enhanced formation neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) clearance, NET-associated markers, were linked thrombo-inflammation organ Both neutrophils in cases impaired efferocytosis, decreased expression TREM2 downregulation FCGR3B neutrophils, leading accumulation apoptotic cells exacerbating inflammation. characterized M1 high milder had M2 elevated PPARγ. Dendritic (DCs) proportions attenuated MHC class I (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C) co-stimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86), alongside cytochrome c indicating antigen presentation enhanced apoptosis. NK T demonstrated altered receptor gene activation markers IFNγ ISG15, suggesting paradoxical state exhaustion. This highlights critical role dysregulated neutrophil, macrophage, dendritic cell, NK, responses identifying potential therapeutic targets providing insights into disease.

Language: Английский

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The comprehensive insights into the B-cells-mediated immune response against COVID-19 infection amid the ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 185, P. 117936 - 117936

Published: March 8, 2025

Language: Английский

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