Primates in peril: the significance of Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo for global primate conservation

PeerJ, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 6, P. e4869 - e4869

Published: June 15, 2018

Primates occur in 90 countries, but four—Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)—harbor 65% world’s primate species (439) 60% these primates are Threatened, Endangered, or Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List Threatened Species 2017-3). Considering their importance for global conservation, we examine anthropogenic pressures each country is facing that place populations at risk. Habitat loss fragmentation main threats to Brazil, Indonesia. However, DRC hunting commercial bushmeat trade primary threat. Encroachment on habitats driven by local market demands food non-food commodities hunting, illegal trade, proliferation invasive species, human domestic-animal borne infectious diseases cause habitat loss, population declines, extirpation. Modeling agricultural expansion 21st century four countries under a worst-case-scenario, showed range contraction 78% 72% 62% 32% DRC. These unfold context expanding with low levels development. Weak governance across may limit effective conservation planning. We landscape approaches policies assess distribution protected areas country. Brazil Madagascar have 38% inside areas, 17% Indonesia 14% DRC, suggesting great majority remain vulnerable. list key challenges faced avert extinctions now future. In short term, law enforcement stop forest destruction absolutely key. Long-term success can only be achieved focusing public awareness, actively engaging international organizations, multinational businesses consumer nations reduce unsustainable environment. Finally, need ensure integrated, sustainable land-use planning economic development includes maintenance biodiversity intact, functional natural ecosystems.

Language: Английский

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Infectious Disease Risk Across the Growing Human-Non Human Primate Interface: A Review of the Evidence

Frontiers in Public Health, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 7

Published: Nov. 5, 2019

Most of the human pandemics reported to date can be classified as zoonoses. Among these, there is a long history infectious diseases that have spread from non-human primates (NHP) humans. For millennia, indigenous groups depend on wildlife for their survival were exposed risk NHP pathogens' transmission through animal hunting and wild meat consumption. Usually, exposure no consequence or limited mild infections. In rare situations, it more severe even become real public health concern. Since emergence acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), nobody ignore an emerging (EID) might into population. large parts Central Africa Asia, still remains primary source income millions people living in rural areas. However, past decades pathogen has taken new dimension. Unprecedented breaking down natural barriers between humans increased risks much larger population including urban There are several reasons this: (i) due road development massive destruction ecosystems agricultural needs, come frequently contact; (ii) ecological awareness, many distance travelers search discovery, with particular fascination African great apes; (iii) attraction ancient temples mystical practices, others visit Asian places colonized by NHP. each case, bite another route infection. Beside individual contracting pathogen, also possibility starting pandemic. This article reviews known cases whether they hunters, travelers, ecotourists, veterinarians scientists working Although supposed outcome, some pathogens Rabies virus, Herpes B Monkeypox Ebola Yellow fever virus greater concern require quick countermeasures healthcare professionals.

Language: Английский

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Where Might We Find Ecologically Intact Communities?

Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 4

Published: April 15, 2021

Conservation efforts should target the few remaining areas of world that represent outstanding examples ecological integrity and aim to restore a much broader area with intact habitat minimal species loss while this is still possible. There have been many assessments “intactness” in recent years but most these use measures anthropogenic impact at site, rather than faunal intactness or integrity. This paper makes first assessment for global terrestrial land surface assesses how ecoregions sites could qualify as Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs – contributing significantly persistence biodiversity) based on their (under KBA Criterion C). Three datasets are combined create new spatially explicit map numbers extirpated. Based it estimated no more 2.9% can be considered faunally intact. Additionally, using habitat/density distribution data 15 large mammals we also make an initial where mammal densities reduced, showing further decrease 2.8% functionally Only 11% were identified included within existing protected areas, only 4% KBAs triggered by other criteria. Our findings show number C potentially increase up 20% if composition was restored reintroduction 1–5 species. Hence, all necessary requirements met order reintroduce regain integrity, will across human impacts low (human footprint ≤4). Focusing restoration planet full

Language: Английский

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Conservation and the social sciences: Beyond critique and co‐optation. A case study from orangutan conservation

People and Nature, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 2(1), P. 42 - 60

Published: Jan. 20, 2020

Abstract Interactions between conservation and the social sciences are frequently characterized by either critique (of scientists) or co‐optation scientific methods insights conservationists). This article seeks to push beyond these two dominant positions exploring how conservationists scientists can engage in mutually transformative dialogue. Jointly authored scientists, it uses global nexus of orangutan as a lens onto current challenges possibilities facing conservation–social science relationship. We begin with cross‐disciplinary overview recent developments conservation—particularly those concerned its social, political other human dimensions. The then undertakes synthetic analysis key conservation—working across difference, juggling scales contexts dealing politics economy—and links them analogous concerns Finally, we identify some ways which specifically, relationship more generally, move forward: through careful use proxies bridging devices, creation new, shared spaces, willingness destabilize overhaul status quos. demands an open‐ended, unavoidably commitment critical reflexivity self‐transformation on part both scientists. A free Plain Language Summary be found within Supporting Information this article.

Language: Английский

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Why do we want to think humans are different?

Animal Sentience, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 3(23)

Published: Jan. 1, 2018

One harmful consequence of creating categories where one group is unique and superior to others that it justifies committing negative, often atrocious, acts on the members inferior group. Correcting divisive human categorizations (racial superiority, gender superiority) has bettered society. Scholars have claimed humans are nonhuman animals. These claims need be reevaluated. Many already been refuted. Animals shown outperform in many tasks, including cognitive ones. Here we raise question: Has false sense superiority used justify cruelty animals?

Language: Английский

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Current and future trends in socio-economic, demographic and governance factors affecting global primate conservation

PeerJ, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 8, P. e9816 - e9816

Published: Aug. 21, 2020

Currently, ~65% of extant primate species (ca 512 species) distributed in 91 countries the Neotropics, mainland Africa, Madagascar, South Asia and Southeast are threatened with extinction 75% have declining populations as a result deforestation habitat loss resulting from increasing global market demands, land conversion for industrial agriculture, cattle production natural resource extraction. Other pressures that negatively impact primates unsustainable bushmeat hunting, illegal trade pets body parts, expanding road networks previously isolated areas, zoonotic disease transmission climate change. Here we examine current future trends several socio-economic factors directly or indirectly affecting to further our understanding interdependent relationship between human well-being, sustainable development, population persistence. We found 2001 2018 ca 191 Mha tropical forest (30% canopy cover) were lost activities five range regions. Forty-six percent this was Neotropics (Mexico, Central America), 30% Asia, 21% 2% Madagascar 1% Asia. Countries greatest losses 57% total tree cover loss) Brazil, Indonesia, DRC, China, Malaysia. Together these harbor almost 50% all species. In 2018, world estimated at 8bn people, 60% which countries. Projections 2050 2100 indicate continued rapid growth regions, Africa surpassing other regions totaling 4bn people by year 2100. Socioeconomic indicators show that, compared developed nations, most characterized high levels poverty income inequality, low food security, corruption weak governance. Models Shared Pathway scenarios (SSPs) projected showed whereas practices inequality (SSP4) unconstrained economic output energy use (SSP5) dire consequences well-being survivorship, sustainability-focused equality (SSP1) expected positive effect on maintaining biodiversity, protecting environments, improving condition. These results stress health, security paramount importance if move forward effective policies protect world's promote biodiversity conservation.

Language: Английский

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Improved cost-effectiveness of species monitoring programs through data integration

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 35(2), P. 391 - 397.e3

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Conservation initiatives strive for reliable and cost-effective species monitoring.1,2,3 However, resource constraints mean management decisions are overly reliant on data derived from single methodologies, resulting in taxonomic or geographic biases.4 We introduce a integration framework to optimize monitoring terms of spatial representation, the reliability biodiversity metrics, cost implementation, focusing tigers their principal prey (sambar deer wild pigs). combined information unstructured ranger patrols, systematic sign transects, camera traps Sumatra's largest remaining tropical forest used integrated community occupancy models analyze this multifaceted dataset unified way. Data improved precision estimates by 14%-42%, enhanced accuracy inferences, expanded scope inference landscape level, cut operational costs up 51-fold. Our demonstrates underappreciated value integrating observations with traditional wildlife surveys.

Language: Английский

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Orangutans venture out of the rainforest and into the Anthropocene

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 4(6)

Published: June 1, 2018

Examining how 70,000 years of human interaction shaped orangutans provides insights into conservation in the Anthropocene.

Language: Английский

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Palm Oil on the Edge

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 11(9), P. 2008 - 2008

Published: Aug. 26, 2019

Internationally recognized Spanish experts in the food industry, nutrition, toxicology, sustainability, and veterinary science met Madrid on July 2018 to develop a consensus about palm oil (PO) as ingredient. Their aim was provide useful, evidence-based point of reference PO. Scientific evidence role PO safety, nutrition sustainability analyzed. Main conclusions were: (1) RSPO foundation responded environmental impact crops. The Amsterdam Declaration pursues use 100% sustainable Europe by 2020. Awareness choosing products will help maintain local economies environments producing countries; (2) shows that moderate intake within healthy diet presents no risks for health. No justifies any change fat recommendations; (3) industry is interested assuring safe, high-quality products. certified increasing; (4) there associating consumption higher cancer risk, incidence or mortality humans. Tolerable daily (TDI) toxic contaminants (2-and 3-monochloropropanediols (MCPDs), glycidyl esters (GEs)) have been established JECFA EFSA. Consequently, European Commission has modified Contaminants Regulation GEs it still working 3-MCPDs’.

Language: Английский

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Designing stakeholder learning dialogues for effective global governance

Policy and Society, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 38(1), P. 118 - 147

Published: Jan. 2, 2019

Abstract A growing scholarship on multistakeholder learning dialogues suggests the importance of closely managing processes to help stakeholders anticipate which policies are likely be effective. Much less work has focused how manage effective transnational dialogues, many aim address critical global environmental and social problems such as climate change or biodiversity loss. They face three central challenges. First, they rarely shape behaviors directly, but ‘nudge’ ‘tip scales’ in domestic settings. Second, run risk generating ‘compromise’ approaches incapable ameliorating original problem definition for dialogue was created. Third, being overly influenced, captured, by powerful interests whose rationale participating is shift definitions narrow instrument choices those innocuous their organizational individual interests. Drawing policy scholarship, we identify a six-stage process anticipating effectiveness designed minimize these risks while simultaneously fostering innovative meaningful longlasting solving: Problem assessments; framing; Developing coalition membership; Causal framework development; Scoping exercises; Knowledge institutionalization. We also six management techniques within each engaging around solving. show that doing so almost always requires multiple-step causal pathways through influence and/or international actors institutions might occur.

Language: Английский

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