Organelle size scaling over embryonic development DOI

Chase C. Wesley,

Sampada Mishra,

Daniel L. Levy

et al.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Developmental Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 9(5)

Published: Jan. 31, 2020

Abstract Cell division without growth results in progressive cell size reductions during early embryonic development. How do the sizes of intracellular structures and organelles scale with what are functional implications such scaling relationships? Model organisms, particular Caenorhabditis elegans worms, Drosophila melanogaster flies, Xenopus laevis frogs, Mus musculus mice, have provided insights into developmental nucleus, mitotic spindle, chromosomes. Nuclear is regulated by nucleocytoplasmic transport, nuclear envelope proteins, cytoskeleton. Regulators microtubule dynamics chromatin compaction modulate spindle chromosome scaling, respectively. Developmental relationships for membrane‐bound organelles, like endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, mitochondria, lysosomes, been less studied, although new imaging approaches promise to rectify this deficiency. While models that invoke limiting components dynamic regulation assembly disassembly can account some embryos, it will be exciting investigate contribution newer concepts biology as phase separation interorganellar contacts. With a growing understanding underlying mechanisms organelle future studies uncover significance proper function development, well how aberrant contributes disease. This article categorized under: Establishment Spatial Temporal Patterns > Regulation Size, Proportion, Timing Early Embryonic Development Fertilization Gastrulation Comparative Evolution Systems

Language: Английский

Size-Dependent Increase in RNA Polymerase II Initiation Rates Mediates Gene Expression Scaling with Cell Size DOI Creative Commons
Xi‐Ming Sun,

Anthony Bowman,

Miles Priestman

et al.

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 30(7), P. 1217 - 1230.e7

Published: Feb. 13, 2020

Cell size varies during the cell cycle and in response to external stimuli. This requires tight coordination, or "scaling," of mRNA protein quantities with volume order maintain biomolecule concentrations density. Evidence populations single cells indicates that scaling relies on coordination transcription rates size. Here, we use a combination single-molecule fluorescence situ hybridization (smFISH), time-lapse microscopy, mathematical modeling fission yeast uncover precise molecular mechanisms control Linear is apparent normal cycle. Transcription both constitutive periodic genes Poisson process without evidence for transcriptional off states. Modeling experimental data indicate RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) initiation RNAPII limiting factor. We show using real-time quantitative imaging increase accompanied by rapid concentration-independent recruitment onto chromatin. Finally, find that, multinucleated cells, set at level nuclei not entire cell, making nucleus determinant scaling. Integrating our observations mechanistic model RNAPII-mediated transcription, propose gene expression consequence competition between RNAPII.

Language: Английский

Citations

115
Nuclear numbers in syncytial muscle fibers promote size but limit the development of larger myonuclear domains DOI Creative Commons
A. Cramer, Vikram Prasad, Einar Eftestøl

et al.

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: Dec. 8, 2020

Abstract Mammalian cells exhibit remarkable diversity in cell size, but the factors that regulate establishment and maintenance of these sizes remain poorly understood. This is especially true for skeletal muscle, comprised syncytial myofibers each accrue hundreds nuclei during development. Here, we directly explore assumed causal relationship between multinucleation normal size through titration myonuclear numbers mouse neonatal Three independent models, where were reduced by 75, 55, or 25%, led to discovery myonuclei possess a reserve capacity support larger functional cytoplasmic volumes developing myofibers. Surprisingly, results revealed an inverse capacity. We propose as increase, range transcriptional return on per nuclear basis diminishes, which accounts both absolute reliance have accrual establish limits adaptability adult muscle.

Language: Английский

Citations

93
Live imaging of chromatin distribution reveals novel principles of nuclear architecture and chromatin compartmentalization DOI Creative Commons
Daria Amiad Pavlov, Dana Lorber, Gaurav Bajpai

et al.

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 7(23)

Published: June 2, 2021

Live imaging of chromatin in an intact organism reveals a novel mode mesoscale organization at nuclear periphery.

Language: Английский

Citations

71
Mechanobiology of muscle and myofibril morphogenesis DOI Creative Commons
Nuno Miguel Luis, Frank Schnorrer

Cells and Development, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 168, P. 203760 - 203760

Published: Dec. 1, 2021

Language: Английский

Citations

59
Polyploidy as a Fundamental Phenomenon in Evolution, Development, Adaptation and Diseases DOI Open Access
Olga V. Anatskaya, Alexander E. Vinogradov

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(7), P. 3542 - 3542

Published: March 24, 2022

DNA replication during cell proliferation is ‘vertical’ copying, which reproduces an initial amount of genetic information. Polyploidy, results from whole-genome duplication, a fundamental complement to vertical copying. Both organismal and polyploidy can emerge via premature cycle exit or cell-cell fusion, the latter giving rise polyploid hybrid organisms epigenetic hybrids somatic cells. Polyploidy-related increase in biological plasticity, adaptation, stress resistance manifests evolution, development, regeneration, aging, oncogenesis, cardiovascular diseases. Despite prevalence nature importance for medicine, agri- aquaculture, processes mechanisms underlying these features largely remain unknown. The evolutionarily conserved include activation transcription, response stress, damage hypoxia, induction programs morphogenesis, unicellularity, longevity, suggesting that common confer adaptive viability, cells organisms. By increasing polyploidization provide survival under stressful conditions where diploid cannot survive. However, it occurs at expense specific function, thus promoting developmental programming adult diseases risk cancer. Notably, genes arising evolutionary are heavily involved cancer other Ploidy-related changes gene expression presumably originate chromatin modifications derepression bivalent genes. provided evidence elucidates role carcinogenesis, may contribute development new strategies regeneration preventing

Language: Английский

Citations

52
The myonuclear domain in adult skeletal muscle fibres: past, present and future DOI Open Access
James R. Bagley, Lance T. Denes, John J. McCarthy

et al.

The Journal of Physiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 601(4), P. 723 - 741

Published: Jan. 11, 2023

Abstract Most cells in the body are mononuclear whereas skeletal muscle fibres uniquely multinuclear. The nuclei of (myonuclei) usually situated peripherally which complicates equitable distribution gene products. Myonuclear abundance can also change under conditions such as hypertrophy and atrophy. Specialised zones have different functions thus distinct synthetic demands from myonuclei. complex structure regulatory requirements multinuclear understandably led to hypothesis that myonuclei govern defined ‘domains’ maintain homeostasis facilitate adaptation. purpose this review is provide historical context for myonuclear domain evaluate its veracity with respect mRNA protein resulting transcription. We synthesise insights past current vitro vivo genetically modified models studying dynamic conditions. cover most contemporary knowledge on transport cells. Insights emerging technologies single RNA‐sequencing further inform our discussion domain. broadly conclude: (1) be flexible during fibre growth atrophy, (2) mechanisms role loss motility deserve consideration, (3) actively transported via microtubules locally restricted, but proteins may travel far a myonucleus origin (4) transcriptional specialisation extends beyond classic neuromuscular myotendinous populations. A deeper understanding promote effective therapies ageing disease. image

Language: Английский

Citations

27
Myonuclear content regulates cell size with similar scaling properties in mice and humans DOI Creative Commons
Kenth‐Arne Hansson, Einar Eftestøl, Jo C. Bruusgaard

et al.

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: Dec. 8, 2020

Abstract Muscle fibers are the largest cells in body, and one of its few syncytia. Individual cell sizes variable adaptable, but what governs size has been unclear. We find that muscle DNA scarce compared to other cells, nuclear number ( N ) adheres relationship = aV b where V is cytoplasmic volume. invariably scales sublinearly < 1), making larger even more scarce. linearly surface adult humans, developing mice, mice with genetically reduced , latter eventually fails when they reach adulthood extremely large myonuclear domains. Another exception denervation-atrophy nuclei not eliminated. In conclusion, scaling exponents remarkably similar across species, developmental stages experimental conditions, suggesting an underlying law DNA-content functions as a limiter size.

Language: Английский

Citations

68
The Perinuclear ER Scales Nuclear Size Independently of Cell Size in Early Embryos DOI Creative Commons

Richik Nilay Mukherjee,

Jérémy Sallé, Serge Dmitrieff

et al.

Developmental Cell, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 54(3), P. 395 - 409.e7

Published: May 29, 2020

Language: Английский

Citations

51
Polyploidy in Tissue Repair and Regeneration DOI Open Access

Erin C. Bailey,

Sara Kobielski,

John Park

et al.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(10), P. a040881 - a040881

Published: June 29, 2021

Erin C. Bailey, Sara Kobielski, John Park and Vicki P. Losick Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA Correspondence: vicki.losick{at}bc.edu

Language: Английский

Citations

42
The Nuclear-to-Cytoplasmic Ratio: Coupling DNA Content to Cell Size, Cell Cycle, and Biosynthetic Capacity DOI Open Access

Shruthi Balachandra,

Sharanya Sarkar, Amanda A. Amodeo

et al.

Annual Review of Genetics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 56(1), P. 165 - 185

Published: Aug. 17, 2022

Though cell size varies between different cells and across species, the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio is largely maintained species within types. A maintains a relatively constant N/C by coupling DNA content, nuclear size, size. We explore how couple division growth to content. In some cases, use as molecular yardstick control availability of cycle regulators. other sets limit for biosynthetic capacity. Developmentally programmed variations in given type suggest that specific required respond physiological demands. Recent observations connecting decreased ratios with cellular senescence indicate maintaining proper essential functioning. Together, these findings causative, not simply correlative, role regulating progression.

Language: Английский

Citations

37