Progress, challenges, and prospects of spent lithium-ion batteries recycling: A review

Journal of Energy Chemistry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 89, P. 144 - 171

Published: Oct. 19, 2023

Language: Английский

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Efficient Extraction of Lithium from Anode for Direct Regeneration of Cathode Materials of Spent Li-Ion Batteries

ACS Energy Letters, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(8), P. 2816 - 2824

Published: Aug. 3, 2022

The recycling of lithium-ion batteries is important due to limited metallic resources and environmental protection. However, most current studies aim at only extracting valuable components from cathode materials, the lithium in anode usually ignored its low concentration. Herein, we develop an integrated strategy for both materials. Batteries are disassembled, lithiated graphite extracted water converted Li2CO3 after absorbing CO2 air, which then used direct regeneration LiCoO2 LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2, while degraded regenerated by delithiation activation. with different degrees failure can retrieve a capacity 130 mAh/g, realize 370 mAh/g regeneration, values comparable commercial Importantly, no external salt necessary, reagent during material.

Language: Английский

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Ultrahigh‐Voltage LiCoO₂ at 4.7 V by Interface Stabilization and Band Structure Modification

Advanced Materials, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 35(22)

Published: Feb. 27, 2023

Abstract Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) is widely used in Li‐ion batteries due to its high volumetric energy density, which generally charged 4.3 V. Lifting the cut‐off voltage of LCO from V 4.7 will increase specific capacity 150 230 mAh g ‐1 with a significant improvement 53%. However, suffers serious problems H1‐3/O1 phase transformation, unstable interface between cathode and electrolyte, irreversible oxygen redox reaction at Herein, stabilization band structure modification are proposed strengthen crystal for stable cycling an ultrahigh Gradient distribution magnesium uniform doping nickel Li layers inhibit harmful transitions LCO, while LiMg x Ni 1− PO 4 coating stabilizes LCO‐electrolyte during cycles. Moreover, modified improves reversibility electrochemical performance LCO. As result, has retention 78% after 200 cycles half cell 63% 500 4.6 full cell. This work makes one step closer theoretical capacity.

Language: Английский

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Long‐Life Regenerated LiFePO₄ from Spent Cathode by Elevating the d‐Band Center of Fe

Advanced Materials, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 35(5)

Published: Oct. 27, 2022

A large amount of spent LiFePO4 (LFP) has been produced in recent years because it is one the most widely used cathode materials for electric vehicles. The traditional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling methods are doubted economic environmental benefits; direct regeneration method considered a promising way to recycle LFP. However, performance regenerated LFP by not ideal due migration Fe ions during cycling irreversible phase transition caused sluggish Li+ diffusion. key addressing challenge immobilize atoms lattice improve capability cycling. In this work, using environmentally friendly ethanol, its stability promoted elevating d-band center via construction heterogeneous interface between nitrogen-doped carbon. FeO bonding strengthened suppressed elevated center. diffusion kinetics improved, leading an excellent reversibility transition. Therefore, exhibits ultrastable at high rate 10 C with ≈80% capacity retention after 1000 cycles.

Language: Английский

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Progress, Key Issues, and Future Prospects for Li‐Ion Battery Recycling

Global Challenges, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 6(12)

Published: June 22, 2022

The overuse and exploitation of fossil fuels has triggered the energy crisis caused tremendous issues for society. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as one most important renewable storage technologies, have experienced booming progress, especially with drastic growth electric vehicles. To avoid massive mineral mining opening new mines, battery recycling to extract valuable species from spent LIBs is essential development energy. Therefore, needs be widely promoted/applied advanced technology low consumption, emission, green reagents highlighted. In this review, necessity first discussed several different aspects. Second, various technologies that are currently used, such pyrometallurgical hydrometallurgical methods, summarized evaluated. Then, based on challenges above authors look further forward some cutting-edge direct repair regeneration. addition, also discuss prospects selected strategies next-generation solid-state Li-metal batteries. Finally, overall conclusions future perspectives sustainability devices presented in last chapter.

Language: Английский

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Prospects for managing end‐of‐life lithium‐ion batteries: Present and future

Interdisciplinary materials, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 1(3), P. 417 - 433

Published: June 20, 2022

Abstract The accelerating electrification has sparked an explosion in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) consumption. As the lifespan declines, substantial LIBs will flow into recycling market and promise to spawn a giant system. Nonetheless, since lack of unified guiding standard nontraceability, end‐of‐life fallen dilemma low rate, poor efficiency, insignificant benefits. Herein, tapping summarizing analyzing current status challenges LIBs, this outlook provides insights for future course full lifecycle management proposing gradient utilization recycling‐target predesign strategy. Further, we acknowledge some recommendations waste anticipate collaborative effort advance sustainable reliable routes.

Language: Английский

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Advances in Intelligent Regeneration of Cathode Materials for Sustainable Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Advanced Energy Materials, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(36)

Published: July 30, 2022

Abstract Explosively increased market penetration of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and stationary energy storage devices has recently aroused new concerns on nonrenewable metal resources environmental pollution because the forthcoming wave retired popularized LIBs. Recycling LIBs an environmentally sustainable cost‐effective way thus becomes much urgent imperative. As a preferable route, direct regeneration strategy been innovatively proposed to repair degraded cathode materials under non‐destructive conditions, which exhibits tremendous superiority compared conventional metallurgical method that just emphasizes recovery target elements. Nevertheless, development methods for is still infancy, there remain many scientific technological obstructions conquer. It even absent thorough summaries assessments this kind avenue so far. In review, current states various approaches from regenerative processes, principles, merits, challenges aspects are summarized, highlighting extraordinary importance constructing really‐green closed loop industry future and, more significantly, turn providing profound insights into rationally designing advanced at industrial scale.

Language: Английский

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Topotactic Transformation of Surface Structure Enabling Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes

Journal of the American Chemical Society, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 145(13), P. 7288 - 7300

Published: March 6, 2023

Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become an urgent task to address the issues of resource shortage and potential environmental pollution. However, direct recycling LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) cathode is challenging because strong electrostatic repulsion from a transition metal octahedron in lithium layer provided by rock salt/spinel phase that formed on surface cycled severely disrupts Li+ transport, which restrains replenishment during regeneration, resulting regenerated with inferior capacity cycling performance. Here, we propose topotactic transformation stable into Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3(OH)2 then back NCM523 cathode. As result, relithiation reaction low migration barriers occurs facile transport channel (from one octahedral site another, passing through tetrahedral intermediate) weakened repulsion, greatly improves regeneration. In addition, proposed method can be extended repair black mass, LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2, LiCoO2 cathodes, whose electrochemical performance after regeneration comparable commercial pristine cathodes. This work demonstrates fast process modifying channels, providing unique perspective LIB

Language: Английский

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Isolating Contiguous Fe Atoms by Forming a Co–Fe Intermetallic Catalyst from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries to Regulate Activity for Zinc–Air Batteries

ACS Nano, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 16(8), P. 13223 - 13231

Published: Aug. 10, 2022

The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become a necessity for recovering valuable resources and protecting the environment to support sustainable development. We report design highly efficient CoFe/C catalyst by combining Co Fe wastes from LIBs with sawdust-derived carbon, which were cathode materials in zinc-air (ZABs). As result electrostatic attraction between Co3+/Fe3+ cations hydroxyl groups sawdust, CoFe nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed after annealing. atoms all isolated into single sites atoms, redistribute electrons catalyst. produced Pt-like dissociative mechanism, contributing an excellent oxygen reduction reaction performance. After assembly ZABs, exhibits long cycling stability 350 h impressive power density 199.2 mW cm-2. also been used flexible ZABs LEDs or charge mobile phone. work combines sawdust fabricate high-performance catalysts, could reduce environmental pollution realize high economic value.

Language: Английский

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Rejuvenating LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode directly from battery scraps

eScience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 3(2), P. 100091 - 100091

Published: Jan. 7, 2023

Battery recycling is indispensable for alleviating critical material shortages and enabling sustainable battery applications. However, current methods mostly focus on spent batteries, which not only require sophisticated disassembly extraction but also have unknown chemistries states of health, resulting in high costs extreme challenges to achieve regeneration. Here, we propose the direct effective regeneration air-degraded LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) cathode directly from scraps generated during manufacturing. The NCM523 shows surface degradation a few nanometers deep accordingly can be regenerated without adding Li, achieving restored properties (170 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, 92.7% retention after 1000 cycles) similar those fresh commercial materials. EverBatt analysis that scrap has profit $1.984 ​kg−1, ∼10 times higher than conventional recycling, making it practical economical rejuvenate slightly degraded electrode materials

Language: Английский

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