Origin of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance, and Their Impacts on Drug Development: A Narrative Review

Pharmaceuticals, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16(11), P. 1615 - 1615

Published: Nov. 15, 2023

Antibiotics have revolutionized medicine, saving countless lives since their discovery in the early 20th century. However, origin of antibiotics is now overshadowed by alarming rise antibiotic resistance. This global crisis stems from relentless adaptability microorganisms, driven misuse and overuse antibiotics. article explores subsequent emergence It delves into mechanisms employed bacteria to develop resistance, highlighting dire consequences drug including compromised patient care, increased mortality rates, escalating healthcare costs. The elucidates latest strategies against drug-resistant encompassing innovative approaches such as phage therapy, CRISPR-Cas9 technology, exploration natural compounds. Moreover, it examines profound impact resistance on development, rendering pursuit new economically challenging. limitations challenges developing novel are discussed, along with hurdles regulatory process that hinder progress this critical field. Proposals for modifying facilitate development presented. withdrawal major pharmaceutical firms research examined, potential re-engage interest. also outlines initiatives overcome economic incentivize emphasizing international collaborations partnerships. Finally, sheds light government-led a specific focus Middle East. discusses proactive measures taken governments region, Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates, combat threat. In face multifaceted approach imperative. provides valuable insights complex landscape challenges, collaborative efforts required ensure future where remain effective tools safeguarding public health.

Language: Английский

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Environmental microbiome diversity and stability is a barrier to antimicrobial resistance gene accumulation

Communications Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: June 8, 2024

Abstract When antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) and genes (ARGs) reach novel habitats, they can become part of the habitat’s microbiome in long term if are able to overcome biotic resilience towards immigration. This process should more difficult with increasing biodiversity, as exploitable niches a given habitat reduced for immigrants when diverse competitors present. Consequently, microbial diversity could provide natural barrier resistance by reducing persistence time immigrating ARB ARG. To test this hypothesis, pan-European sampling campaign was performed structured forest soil dynamic riverbed environments low anthropogenic impact. In soils, higher diversity, evenness richness were significantly negatively correlated relative abundance >85% ARGs. Furthermore, number detected ARGs per sample inversely diversity. However, no such effects present riverbeds. Hence, serve dissemination stationary, environments, where long-term, diversity-based against immigration evolve.

Language: Английский

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Gut microbiota research nexus: One Health relationship between human, animal, and environmental resistomes

mLife, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 2(4), P. 350 - 364

Published: Dec. 1, 2023

The emergence and rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance is global public health concern. gut microbiota harboring diverse commensal opportunistic bacteria that can acquire via horizontal vertical gene transfers considered an important reservoir sink antibiotic genes (ARGs). In this review, we describe the reservoirs ARGs their dynamics in both animals humans, use One Health perspective to track transmission ARG-containing between animals, environment, assess impact on human socioeconomic development. resistome evolve environment subject various selective pressures, including administration environmental lifestyle factors (e.g., diet, age, gender, living conditions), interventions through probiotics. Strategies reduce abundance clinically relevant antibiotic-resistant determinants niches are needed ensure mitigation acquired resistance. With help effective measures taken at national, local, personal, intestinal management, it will also result preventing or minimizing infectious diseases. This review aims improve our understanding correlations provide a basis for development management strategies mitigate crisis.

Language: Английский

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Contrary effects of increasing temperatures on the spread of antimicrobial resistance in river biofilms

mSphere, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(2)

Published: Feb. 7, 2024

River microbial communities regularly act as the first barrier of defense against spread antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) that enter environmental microbiomes through wastewater. However, how invasion dynamics wastewater-borne ARGs into river biofilm will shift due to climate change with increasing average and peak temperatures remains unknown. Here, we aimed elucidate effects on naturally occurring resistome, well success foreign entering Natural biofilms were grown in a low-anthropogenic impact transferred artificial laboratory recirculation flume systems operated at three different (20°C, 25°C, 30°C). After 1 week temperature acclimatization, significant increases abundance detected higher temperatures. this acclimatization period, exposed single pulse wastewater, analyzed over 2 weeks. day, able invade successfully no observable effect their relative abundance. thereafter, lost far increased rate 30°C, ARG levels dropping initial natural after 14 days. Contrary lower temperatures, either slower rates or even establish themselves stable abundances above levels. Hence, come contrary resistomes: increase abundance, while foreign, invading are elevated speeds.IMPORTANCEInfections bacteria gained antibiotics taking millions lives annually, death toll predicted increase. environment wastewater enrichment human animal microbiomes. The global might disrupt by altering community structure functions. We consequently explored alter communities. At coincided decreased from Therefore, predict microbiomes, it is imperative consider if ecosystem its resistome dominated ARGs.

Language: Английский

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Towards monitoring the invisible threat: a global approach for tackling AMR in water resources and environment

Frontiers in Water, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 6

Published: March 18, 2024

The global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is now increasingly recognized for the danger posed by its environmental spread. Aquatic environments and wastewater represent a significant diffusion selection pathway antibiotic genes resistant bacteria (ARGs ARBs). During collaborative hackathon event, “Innovation Workshop on Water Quality Monitoring & Assessment,” held in September 2023, experts addressed four challenges related to water quality, including challenge globalization AMR surveillance water. This paper, derived from workshop findings, proposes globally adaptable model intended as an advance improve future monitoring systems. new framework aims address challenges, such lack standardized methodological approaches or funding, coordination, awareness across short-, medium- long-term plan, integrating sustainability concepts, extending participation capacity countries, offering efficient solutions. vision first articulated creating technical committee that promotes develops single data management communication platform. Subsequently, developing local, national, international policies, centralized laboratories will be established at regional level, built based existing realities. These include facilities make analyses more efficient, sampling reporting final result. In long term, activities allow maintenance created continuous technological development advancement promoted. All this achieved collaboration with national supranational bodies are already addressing issue level.

Language: Английский

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A one health approach for monitoring antimicrobial resistance: developing a national freshwater pilot effort

Frontiers in Water, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 6

Published: May 17, 2024

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a world-wide public health threat that projected to lead 10 million annual deaths globally by 2050. The AMR issue has led the development of action plans combat AMR, including improved antimicrobial stewardship, new antimicrobials, and advanced monitoring. National Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) United States (U.S) Food Drug Administration along with U.S. Centers for Disease Control Department Agriculture monitored resistant bacteria in retail meats, humans, food animals since mid 1990’s. NARMS currently exploring an integrated One Health monitoring model recognizing human, animal, plant, environmental systems are linked health. Since 2020, Environmental Protection Agency interagency working group (EWG) implement surface water program (SWAM) at watershed national scales. EWG divided effort into five areas: (i) defining objectives questions, (ii) designing study/sampling design, (iii) selecting indicators, (iv) establishing analytical methods, (v) developing data management/analytics/metadata plans. For each these areas, consensus among scientific community literature was reviewed carefully considered prior this program. produced from SWAM will help develop robust programs goal assessing risks associated pathogens (e.g., recreational exposures), provide comprehensive picture how strains related spatially temporally within watershed, assess anthropogenic drivers intervention strategies impact transmission systems.

Language: Английский

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Metagenomic assemblies tend to break around antibiotic resistance genes

BMC Genomics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(1)

Published: Oct. 14, 2024

Abstract Background Assembly of metagenomic samples can provide essential information about the mobility potential and taxonomic origin antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) inform interventions to prevent further spread resistant bacteria. However, similar other conserved regions, such as ribosomal RNA mobile genetic elements, almost identical ARGs typically occur in multiple genomic contexts across different species, representing a considerable challenge for assembly process. Usually, this results many fragmented contigs unclear origin, complicating risk assessment ARG detections. To systematically investigate impact issue on detection, quantification contextualization ARGs, we evaluated performance approaches, including genomic-, metagenomic- transcriptomic-specialized assemblers. We quantified recovery accuracy rates each tool both from silico spiked well real sequenced using long- short-read sequencing technologies. Results The revealed that none investigated tools accurately capture present high complexity. transcriptomic assembler Trinity showed better terms reconstructing longer fewer matching unique contexts, which be beneficial deciphering ARGs. currently commonly used metaSPAdes MEGAHIT were able identify repertoire but failed fully recover diversity sample. On top that, complex scenario produced very short contigs, lead underestimation resistome given Conclusions Our study shows would preferable correct around characterized by uneven coverages. Overall, inability assemblers reconstruct long ARG-containing has impacts quantification, suggesting directly mapping reads an database should performed complementary strategy get accurate abundance measures.

Language: Английский

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The Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance in Zambia, a Sub-Saharan African Country: A One Health Review of the Current Situation, Risk Factors, and Solutions

Pharmacology &amp Pharmacy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(12), P. 403 - 465

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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Fresh produce as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes: A case study of Switzerland

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 907, P. 167671 - 167671

Published: Oct. 7, 2023

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) can be transferred to humans through food and fresh produce an ideal vector, as it is often consumed raw or minimally processed. The production environment of the agricultural practices regulations vary substantially worldwide, consequently, contamination sources AMR. In this study, 75 imported non-imported samples purchased from Swiss retailers were tested for presence antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) genes (ARGs). Moreover, plasmidome 4 selected was sequenced have insight on diversity mobile resistome. total, 91 ARB isolated produce, mainly cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (n = 64) carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa 13). All aeruginosa, well 16 Enterobacterales' isolates multidrug-resistant. No differences between found regarding number ARB. 95 % at least one ARG detected, being most frequent sul1, blaTEM, ermB. Abundance sul1 intI1 correlated strongly with total amount ARGs, suggesting they could good indicators AMR in produce. Furthermore, fecal marker yccT, indicating that gene sulI significantly higher samples, anthropogenic chain analyses coriander carrot revealed several ARGs conferring antiseptics disinfectants genetic elements. Overall, study demonstrated contributes dissemination

Language: Английский

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Antimicrobial resistance in rural rivers: Comparative study of the Coquet (Northumberland) and Eden (Cumbria) River catchments

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 928, P. 172348 - 172348

Published: April 16, 2024

Many studies have characterised resistomes in river microbial communities. However, few compared parallel rural catchments that point-source inputs of antimicrobial genes (ARGs) and organisms (i.e., AMR) - where one can contrast more nebulous drivers AMR rivers. Here, we used quantitative profiling (QMP) to compare microbiomes two Northern England, the Coquet Eden Northumberland Cumbria, respectively, with different hydrological geographical conditions. The has higher flow rates, annual surface runoff, longer periods soil saturation, whereas is drier lower flowrates. QMP analysis showed contained significantly abundant microbes associated sources, animal faeces, wastewater than Coquet, which had like less polluted rivers (Wilcoxon test, p < 0.01). also greater ARG abundances resistome diversity (Kruskal Wallis, 0.05), levels potentially clinically relevant ARGs. catchment flashier runoff extensive agricultural land use its middle reach, explains river. Hydrological geographic factors drive rivers, must be considered environmental monitoring programmes.

Language: Английский

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