Myopia

Nature Reviews Disease Primers, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: Dec. 17, 2020

Language: Английский

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IMI – Report on Experimental Models of Emmetropization and Myopia

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 60(3), P. M31 - M31

Published: Feb. 28, 2019

The results of many studies in a variety species have significantly advanced our understanding the role visual experience and mechanisms postnatal eye growth, development myopia. This paper surveys reviews major contributions that experimental using animal models made to thinking about emmetropization These established important concepts informing knowledge regulation growth refractive transformed treatment strategies for Several findings come from models. include eye's ability detect sign retinal defocus undergo compensatory local control regulatory changes choroidal thickness, identification components biochemistry leading characterization signal cascades regulating state. these provided proofs form scientific basis new effective clinical treatments controlling myopia progression humans. Experimental continue provide insights into cellular molecular control, including potential targets drug future needed stem increasing prevalence vision-threatening conditions associated with this disease.

Language: Английский

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IMI Risk Factors for Myopia

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 62(5), P. 3 - 3

Published: April 28, 2021

Risk factor analysis provides an important basis for developing interventions any condition. In the case of myopia, evidence a large number risk factors has been presented, but they have not systematically tested confounding. To be useful designing preventive interventions, ideally needs to carried through demonstration causal connection, with defined mechanism. Statistical is often complicated by covariation variables, and relationship between myopia using Mendelian randomization or in randomized clinical trial should aimed for. When strict this kind applied, associations various measures educational pressure are consistently observed. However, more nearwork generally weak inconsistent, supported meta-analysis. Associations time outdoors less stronger observed, including Measurement traditionally performed questionnaires, increasingly being pursued wearable objective devices. A link increased years education confirmed randomization, whereas protective effect from development trials. Other proposed need see if modulate these variables. The linking screen although limitations on under consideration as control epidemic myopia.

Language: Английский

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How does spending time outdoors protect against myopia? A review

British Journal of Ophthalmology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 104(5), P. 593 - 599

Published: Nov. 13, 2019

Myopia is an increasingly common condition that associated with significant costs to individuals and society. Moreover, myopia increased risk of glaucoma, retinal detachment myopic maculopathy, which in turn can lead blindness. It now well established spending more time outdoors during childhood lowers the developing may delay progression myopia. There has been great interest further exploring this relationship exploiting it as a public health intervention aimed at preventing children. However, have detrimental effects, such melanoma, cataract pterygium. Understanding how prevents could advance development targeted interventions for We reviewed evidence against eight facets protect myopia: brighter light, reduced peripheral defocus, higher vitamin D levels, differing chromatic spectrum physical activity, entrained circadian rhythms, less near work greater high spatial frequency (SF) energies. solid exposure light reduce Peripheral defocus able regulate eye growth but whether substantially changes patterns affect unclear. Spectrum rhythms SF characteristics are plausible factors, there lack from human studies. Vitamin D, activity appear unlikely mediate between spent

Language: Английский

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Origins of Refractive Errors: Environmental and Genetic Factors

Annual Review of Vision Science, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 5(1), P. 47 - 72

Published: Sept. 15, 2019

Refractive errors are the product of a mismatch between axial length eye and its optical power, creating blurred vision. Uncorrected refractive second leading cause worldwide blindness. One error currently attracting significant scientific interest is myopia, mostly owing to recent rise in prevalence associated ocular disease burden. This increase myopia has also been rapid, suggesting environmental influences addition any genetic on growth. review defines errors, describes their prevalence, presents evidence for influence factors related development.

Language: Английский

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IMI—The Dynamic Choroid: New Insights, Challenges, and Potential Significance for Human Myopia

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 64(6), P. 4 - 4

Published: May 1, 2023

The choroid is the richly vascular layer of eye located between sclera and Bruch's membrane. Early studies in animals, as well more recent humans, have demonstrated that a dynamic, multifunctional structure, with its thickness directly indirectly subject to modulation by variety physiologic visual stimuli. In this review, anatomy function are summarized links choroid, growth regulation, myopia, animal models, discussed. Methods for quantifying choroidal human associated challenges described, literature examining changes response various stimuli refractive error-related differences summarized, potential implications latter myopia considered. This review also allowed reexamination hypothesis short-term induced pharmacologic, optical, or environmental predictive future long-term axial elongation, speculation thickening can be used biomarker treatment efficacy control therapies, general conclusion current evidence not sufficient.

Language: Английский

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Myopia: Histology, clinical features, and potential implications for the etiology of axial elongation

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 96, P. 101156 - 101156

Published: Dec. 28, 2022

Language: Английский

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IMI 2023 Digest

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 64(6), P. 7 - 7

Published: May 1, 2023

Myopia is a dynamic and rapidly moving field, with ongoing research providing better understanding of the etiology leading to novel myopia control strategies. In 2019, International Institute (IMI) assembled published series white papers across relevant topics updated evidence digest in 2021. Here, we summarize findings key from previous 2 years. Studies animal models have continued explore how wavelength intensity light influence eye growth examined new pharmacologic agents scleral cross-linking as potential strategies for slowing myopia. children, term premyopia gaining interest increased attention early implementation control. Most studies use IMI definitions ≤-0.5 diopters (D) ≤-6.0 D high myopia, although categorization structural consequences remain an issue. Clinical trials demonstrated that newer spectacle lens designs incorporating multiple segments, lenslets, or diffusion optics exhibit good efficacy. considerations factors influencing efficacy soft multifocal contact lenses orthokeratology are discussed. Topical atropine remains only widely accessible treatment. Rebound observed higher concentration not evident lower concentrations optical interventions. Overall, treatments show little adverse effect on visual function appear generally safe, longer wear times combination therapies maximizing outcomes. An emerging category light-based children requires comprehensive safety data enable risk versus benefit analysis. Given success strategies, ethics including arm clinical heavily debated. recommendations trial protocols

Language: Английский

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Red light instruments for myopia exceed safety limits

Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 44(2), P. 241 - 248

Published: Jan. 5, 2024

Low-level red light (LLRL) therapy has recently emerged as a myopia treatment in children, with several studies reporting significant reduction axial elongation and progression. The goal of this study was to characterise the output determine thermal photochemical maximum permissible exposure (MPE) LLRL devices for control.

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of emmetropization and what might go wrong in myopia

Vision Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 220, P. 108402 - 108402

Published: May 4, 2024

Studies in animal models and humans have shown that refractive state is optimized during postnatal development by a closed-loop negative feedback system uses retinal image defocus as an error signal, mechanism called emmetropization. The sensor to detect its sign resides the retina itself. and/or pigment epithelium (RPE) presumably releases biochemical messengers change choroidal thickness modulate growth rates of underlying sclera. A central question arises: if emmetropization operates system, why does it not stop myopia development? Recent experiments young human subjects (1) emmetropic can perfectly distinguish between real positive simulated defocus, trigger transient axial eye shortening or elongation, respectively. (2) Strikingly, myopic has reduced ability inhibit when imposed. (3) bi-directional response elicited with low spatial frequency information below 8 cyc/deg, which makes unlikely optical higher-order aberrations play role. (4) for detection involves comparison blur blue (S-cone) red end spectrum (L + M-cones) but, again, responsive, at least short-term experiments. This suggests cannot fully inhibitory arm loop. As result, open loop, becomes "open-loop".

Language: Английский

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