Diagnosis and Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis

Antibiotics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(6), P. 718 - 718

Published: May 26, 2022

Candida species, belonging to commensal microbial communities in humans, cause opportunistic infections individuals with impaired immunity. Pathogens encountered more than 90% cases of invasive candidiasis include C. albicans, glabrata, krusei, tropicalis, and parapsilosis. The most frequently diagnosed infection is candidemia. About 50% candidemia result deep-seated due hematogenous spread. sensitivity blood cultures autopsy-proven ranges from 21% 71%. Non-cultural methods (beta-D-glucan, T2Candida assays), especially beta-D-glucan combination procalcitonin, appear promising the exclusion high (98%) negative predictive value (95%). There currently a clear deficiency approved sensitive precise diagnostic techniques. Omics technologies seem promising, though require further development study. Therapeutic options for are generally limited four classes systemic antifungals (polyenes, antimetabolite 5-fluorocytosine, azoles, echinocandins) two latter being highly effective well-tolerated hence widely used. Principles treatment discussed this review. emergence pan-drug-resistant auris strains indicates an insufficient choice available medications. Further surveillance, alongside therapeutic methods, essential.

Language: Английский

---

Candida parapsilosis Virulence and Antifungal Resistance Mechanisms: A Comprehensive Review of Key Determinants

Journal of Fungi, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 9(1), P. 80 - 80

Published: Jan. 5, 2023

Candida parapsilosis is the second most common species isolated in Asia, Southern Europe, and Latin America often involved invasive infections that seriously impact human health. This pathogen part of psilosis complex, which also includes orthopsilosis metapsilosis. C. are particularly prevalent among neonates with low birth weights, individuals who immunocompromised, patients require prolonged use a central venous catheter or other indwelling devices, whose surfaces exhibits an enhanced capacity to adhere form biofilms. Despite this well-acknowledged prevalence, biology has not been as extensively explored albicans. In paper, we describe molecular mechanistic pathways virulence show how they differ from those We mode action antifungal drugs used for treatment infections, namely, polyenes, echinocandins, azoles, well resistance mechanisms developed by overcome them. Finally, stress importance ongoing search species-specific features may aid development effective control strategies thus reduce burden on healthcare costs.

Language: Английский

---

Invasive candidiasis: current clinical challenges and unmet needs in adult populations

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 78(7), P. 1569 - 1585

Published: May 23, 2023

Abstract Invasive candidiasis (IC) is a serious infection caused by several Candida species, and the most common fungal disease in hospitals high-income countries. Despite overall improvements health systems ICU care last few decades, as well development of different antifungals microbiological techniques, mortality rates IC have not substantially improved. The aim this review to summarize main issues underlying management adults affected IC, focusing on specific forms infection: developed patients, observed haematological breakthrough candidaemia, sanctuary site candidiasis, intra-abdominal infections other challenging infections. Several key challenges need be tackled improve clinical outcomes patients. These include lack global epidemiological data for limitations diagnostic tests risk scoring tools currently available, absence standardized effectiveness long-term timing initiation antifungal therapy limited recommendations optimal step-down from echinocandins azoles or total duration therapy. availability new compounds may overcome some identified increase existing options chronic ambulant patient treatments. However, early identification patients that require treatment remain challenge will further innovations.

Language: Английский

---

Biofilm Formation in Medically Important Candida Species

Journal of Fungi, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 9(10), P. 955 - 955

Published: Sept. 22, 2023

Worldwide, the number of infections caused by biofilm-forming fungal pathogens is very high. In human medicine, there an increasing proportion immunocompromised patients with prolonged hospitalization, and long-term inserted drains, cannulas, catheters, tubes, or other artificial devices, that exhibit a predisposition for colonization yeasts. A high percentage mortality due to candidemia medically important Candida species. Species major clinical significance include C. albicans, glabrata, tropicalis, parapsilosis, krusei, auris. The association these pathogenic species in biofilm structure serious therapeutic problem. cells growing form are able resist persistent therapy thanks combination their protective mechanisms ability disseminate parts body, thus representing threat from perspective permanent source infection. elucidation key formation essential progress understanding treatment invasive infections.

Language: Английский

---

Invasive candidiasis

Nature Reviews Disease Primers, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: March 21, 2024

Language: Английский

---

Ten golden rules for optimal antibiotic use in hospital settings: the WARNING call to action

World Journal of Emergency Surgery, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 18(1)

Published: Oct. 16, 2023

Abstract Antibiotics are recognized widely for their benefits when used appropriately. However, they often inappropriately despite the importance of responsible use within good clinical practice. Effective antibiotic treatment is an essential component universal healthcare, and it a global responsibility to ensure appropriate use. Currently, pharmaceutical companies have little incentive develop new antibiotics due scientific, regulatory, financial barriers, further emphasizing To address this issue, Global Alliance Infections in Surgery established international multidisciplinary task force 295 experts from 115 countries with different backgrounds. The developed position statement called WARNING (Worldwide Antimicrobial Resistance National/International Network Group) aimed at raising awareness antimicrobial resistance improving prescribing practices worldwide. outlined 10 axioms, or “golden rules,” that all healthcare workers should consistently adhere

Language: Английский

---

Common Oral Conditions

JAMA, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 331(12), P. 1045 - 1045

Published: March 26, 2024

Importance Dry mouth, oral candidiasis, and recurrent aphthous ulcers are 3 of the most common conditions that may be associated with patient discomfort, decreased quality life, morbidity. Observations In a meta-analysis 26 population-based cohort cross-sectional studies, global prevalence dry mouth symptoms was 23% (95% CI, 18% to 28%), placing individuals at risk dental caries, dysgeusia, masticatory/speech impairment, oropharyngeal dysphagia. is using more than medications per day (odds ratio [OR], 2.9 [95% 1.4 6.2]), head neck radiation, Sjögren disease. Symptoms include difficulty swallowing speaking, thirst, halitosis. an 11.5% 3.6% 27%) higher based on 6 observational cohorts. Management includes mechanical salivary stimulants, moisturizers, and/or systemic sialagogues. Oral candidiasis opportunistic fungal infection caused by overgrowth Candida genus C albicans , which accounts for 76.8% infections. The in patients who immunosuppressed, example, those HIV (35% 28% 42%]) gland hypofunction (OR, 3.02 1.73 5.28]). Common factors use antibiotics ( P = .04) mucosal disorders such as lichen planus. burning dysgeusia candidiasis. Treatment addressing topical antifungal medications. Recurrent stomatitis characterized symptomatic round or oval ulcers, covered gray-white fibrin layer encircled erythematous ring. A 10 case-controlled studies revealed increased polymorphism IL-1β (+3954C/T) 1.52 1.07 2.17]) (−511C/T) 1.35 1.09 1.67]). Another 9 case-control reported had frequency nutritional deficiencies, including vitamin B 12 3.75 2.38 5.94]), folic acid 7.55 3.91 14.60]), ferritin 2.62 1.69 4.06]). can diseases. 21 celiac disease incidence (25% vs 11%; OR, 3.79 2.67 5.39]; <.001). Topical corticosteroids first-line agents manage stomatitis; however, necessary severe cases. Conclusions Relevance First-line treatment over-the-counter sialagogues antifungals ulcers. do not improve require

Language: Английский

---

A Brazilian Inter-Hospital Candidemia Outbreak Caused by Fluconazole-Resistant Candida parapsilosis in the COVID-19 Era

Journal of Fungi, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 8(2), P. 100 - 100

Published: Jan. 20, 2022

Horizontal transmission of fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis (FRCP) through healthcare workers' hands has contributed to the occurrence candidemia outbreaks worldwide. Since first COVID-19 case in Brazil was detected early 2020, hospitals have reinforced hand hygiene and disinfection practices minimize SARS-CoV-2 contamination. However, a Brazilian cardiology center, which shares ICU patients with cancer center under FRCP outbreak since 2019, reported an increased incidence May 2020. Therefore, purpose this study investigate inter-hospital caused by isolates during year pandemic Brazil. C. bloodstream obtained from (n = 35) 30) centers 2020 were submitted microsatellite genotyping fluconazole susceptibility testing. The ERG11 gene all sequenced compared corresponding sequences genotype responsible for 2019. Unprecedentedly, most presented same genetic profile Erg11-Y132F mutation strain that been causing persistent highlighting uninterrupted horizontal clonal our pandemic.

Language: Английский

---

Clinical Manifestations of Human Exposure to Fungi

Journal of Fungi, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 9(3), P. 381 - 381

Published: March 21, 2023

Biological particles, along with inorganic gaseous and particulate pollutants, constitute an ever-present component of the atmosphere surfaces. Among these particles are fungal species colonizing almost all ecosystems, including human body. Although inoffensive to most people, fungi can be responsible for several health problems, such as allergic diseases infections. Worldwide disease incidence is increasing, new emerging appearing yearly. Reasons this increase expansion life expectancy, number immunocompromised patients (immunosuppressive treatments transplantation, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency diseases), uncontrolled underlying conditions (e.g., diabetes mellitus), misusage medication corticosteroids broad-spectrum antibiotics). Managing challenging; only four classes antifungal drugs available, resistance no vaccines have been approved. The present work reviews implications in from (i.e., bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, severe asthma sensitization, thunderstorm asthma, rhinosinusitis, occupational lung diseases) infections superficial, subcutaneous, systemic infections). Topics etiological agent, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment will revised improve knowledge growing concern.

Language: Английский

---

Secreted Aspartic Proteinases: Key Factors in Candida Infections and Host-Pathogen Interactions

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(9), P. 4775 - 4775

Published: April 27, 2024

Extracellular proteases are key factors contributing to the virulence of pathogenic fungi from genus Candida. Their proteolytic activities crucial for extracting nutrients external environment, degrading host defenses, and destabilizing internal balance human organism. Currently, enzymes most frequently described in this context secreted aspartic (Saps). This review comprehensively explores multifaceted roles Saps, highlighting their importance biofilm formation, tissue invasion through degradation extracellular matrix proteins components coagulation cascade, modulation immune responses via impairment neutrophil monocyte/macrophage functions, contribution antifungal resistance. Additionally, diagnostic challenges associated with Candida infections potential Saps as biomarkers were discussed. Furthermore, we examined prospects developing vaccines based on use protease inhibitors adjunctive therapies candidiasis. Given complex biology central role pathogenicity, a multidisciplinary approach may pave way innovative strategies open new opportunities clinical interventions against

Language: Английский

---