Crop genetic erosion: understanding and responding to loss of crop diversity

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 233(1), P. 84 - 118

Published: Sept. 13, 2021

Summary Crop diversity underpins the productivity, resilience and adaptive capacity of agriculture. Loss this diversity, termed crop genetic erosion, is therefore concerning. While alarms regarding evident declines in have been raised for over a century, magnitude, trajectory, drivers significance these losses remain insufficiently understood. We outline various definitions, measurements, scales sources information on erosion. then provide synthesis evidence changes traditional landraces farms, modern cultivars agriculture, wild relatives their natural habitats resources held conservation repositories. This indicates that marked losses, but also maintenance increases occurred all contexts, extent depending species, taxonomic geographic scale, region, as well analytical approach. discuss steps needed to further advance knowledge around agricultural societal significance, implications, Finally, we propose actions mitigate, stem reverse diversity.

Language: Английский

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Breeding crops for drought-affected environments and improved climate resilience

The Plant Cell, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 35(1), P. 162 - 186

Published: Nov. 12, 2022

Abstract Breeding climate-resilient crops with improved levels of abiotic and biotic stress resistance as a response to climate change presents both opportunities challenges. Applying the framework “breeder’s equation,” which is used predict selection for breeding program cycle, we review methodologies strategies that have been successfully breed drought resistance, where target population environments (TPEs) spatially temporally heterogeneous mixture drought-affected favorable (water-sufficient) environments. Long-term improvement temperate maize US corn belt case study compared progress other geographies. Integration trait information across scales, from genomes ecosystems, needed accurately yield outcomes genotypes within current future TPEs. This will require transdisciplinary teams explore, identify, exploit novel accelerate outcomes; germplasm resources products (cultivars, hybrids, clones, populations) outperform replace in use by farmers, combination modified agronomic management suited their local

Language: Английский

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Climate change challenges plant breeding

Current Opinion in Plant Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 70, P. 102308 - 102308

Published: Oct. 22, 2022

Language: Английский

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Landrace legislation in the world: status and perspectives with emphasis in EU system

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 71(3), P. 957 - 997

Published: Jan. 20, 2024

Abstract Crop landraces are genetically variable populations of agricultural plant species that through natural evolution and farmers’ selection continuous cultivation have been adapted to the environment their origin or cultivation. To be used officially traded, there more lax strict registration schemes throughout world concerning application distinctiveness, uniformity, stability (DUS) system. This review discusses legislative framework various countries worldwide evaluates its efficiency with a detailed focus on European Union (EU) experience. Especially in EU, must registered as conservation varieties Catalogue Varieties. A total 313 173 vegetable were Catalogues from 2013 2021. However, it is not clear how many these registries because obsolete also included under term varieties. Moreover, our reports importance for FAO (Food Agriculture Organization United Nations) EU strategies, namely ‘Farm Fork’ ‘Biodiversity’. Additionally, DUS criteria evaluated use when crop landrace taking into consideration genetic structure landrace. Furthermore, connection Farmers’ Rights, appropriateness organic agriculture, trade issues discussed. Finally, new proposal Commission Plant Reproductive Material critically reviewed improvements suggested.

Language: Английский

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Characterization of Hazelnut Trees in Open Field Through High-Resolution UAV-Based Imagery and Vegetation Indices

Sensors, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 25(1), P. 288 - 288

Published: Jan. 6, 2025

The increasing demand for hazelnut kernels is favoring an upsurge in cultivation worldwide, but ongoing climate change threatens this crop, affecting yield decreases and subject to uncontrolled pathogen parasite attacks. Technical advances precision agriculture are expected support farmers more efficiently control the physio-pathological status of crops. Here, we report a straightforward approach monitoring trees open field, using aerial multispectral pictures taken by drones. A dataset 4112 images, each having 2Mpixel resolution per tree covering RGB, Red Edge, near-infrared frequencies, was obtained from 185 located two different orchards Piedmont region (northern Italy). To increase accuracy, especially reduce false negatives, image divided into nine quadrants. For quadrant, vegetation indices (VIs) were computed, parallel, quadrant tagged as “healthy/unhealthy” visual inspection. Three supervised binary classification algorithms used build models capable predicting VIs predictors. Out considered, only five (GNDVI, GCI, NDREI, NRI, GI) good predictors, while NDVI SAVI, RECI, TCARI not. Using them, model accuracy about 65%, with 13% negatives reached way that rather independent algorithms, demonstrating some allow inferring condition these trees. These achievements use drone-captured images performing rapid, non-destructive physiological characterization This offers sustainable strategy supporting their decision-making process during agricultural practices.

Language: Английский

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In pursuit of a better world: crop improvement and the CGIAR

Journal of Experimental Botany, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 72(14), P. 5158 - 5179

Published: May 20, 2021

The CGIAR crop improvement (CI) programs, unlike commercial CI which are mainly geared to profit though meeting farmers' needs, charged with multiple objectives target populations that include both farmers and the community at large. We compiled opinions from >30 experts in private public sector on key strategies, methodologies, activities could help meet challenges of providing improved varieties while simultaneously goals of: (i) nutrition, health, food security; (ii) poverty reduction, livelihoods, jobs; (iii) gender equality, youth, inclusion; (iv) climate adaptation mitigation; (v) environmental health biodiversity. review processes starting choice, moving through breeding objectives, production potential new varieties, selection, finally adoption by farmers. importance multidisciplinary teams working towards common is stressed as a factor success. role distinct disciplines, actors, their interactions throughout process choice discussed illustrated.

Language: Английский

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Sorghum under saline conditions: responses, tolerance mechanisms, and management strategies

Planta, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 254(2)

Published: July 5, 2021

Language: Английский

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Extending the breeder’s equation to take aim at the target population of environments

Frontiers in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Feb. 21, 2023

A major focus for genomic prediction has been on improving trait accuracy using combinations of algorithms and the training data sets available from plant breeding multi-environment trials (METs). Any improvements in are viewed as pathways to improve traits reference population genotypes product performance target environments (TPE). To realize these outcomes there must be a positive MET-TPE relationship that provides consistency between variation expressed within MET used train genome-to-phenome ( G2P ) model applications realized differences TPE targets. The strength this is usually assumed high, however it rarely quantified. date investigations methods have focused sets, with less attention quantifying structure their potential impact accelerate on-farm TPE. We extend breeder’s equation use an example demonstrate importance key component design improved rates genetic gain yield, quality, stress tolerance yield stability

Language: Английский

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What is wrong with biofortification

Global Food Security, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 37, P. 100689 - 100689

Published: April 13, 2023

Malnutrition is now the leading avoidable cause of death and disability in world. One aspect malnutrition hidden hunger, a lack micronutrients diet resulting poor health that may not manifest for months or years. form so-called biofortification – breeding staple crops to contain higher levels vitamins minerals has received much praise as potential solution more than $500 million funding over past two decades. We show delivered on its promises an associated yield penalty means it never be able to. It likely investment starved difficult, although ultimately sustainable, efforts improve overall quality diets. Meeting Sustainable Development Goal No. 2 will depend holistic improvement culturally acceptable

Language: Английский

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Potential abiotic stress targets for modern genetic manipulation

The Plant Cell, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 35(1), P. 139 - 161

Published: Nov. 15, 2022

Research into crop yield and resilience has underpinned global food security, evident in yields tripling the past 5 decades. The challenges that agriculture now faces are not just to feed 10+ billion people within a generation, but do so under harsher, more variable, less predictable climate, many cases with water, expensive inputs, declining soil quality. of climate change simply breed for "hotter drier climate," enable floods droughts frosts heat waves, possibly even single growing season. How well we prepare coming decades variability will depend on our ability modify current practices, innovate novel breeding methods, communicate work farming communities ensure viability profitability. Here define how future climates impact systems seasons, thereby identifying traits practices needed including exemplars being implemented developed. Critically, this review also consider societal perspectives public engagement about emerging technologies resilience, participatory approaches presented as best approach.

Language: Английский

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