The Synergistic Effects of Polysaccharides and Ginsenosides From American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) Ameliorating Cyclophosphamide-Induced Intestinal Immune Disorders and Gut Barrier Dysfunctions Based on Microbiome-Metabolomics Analysis

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: April 22, 2021

Cyclophosphamide (CTX), used in cancer chemotherapy, a high dose of which would cause immunosuppressive effect and intestinal mucosa damage. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) has long history functional food use for immunological disorder, colitis, cancer, so on. This study aimed to illustrate the underlying mechanism ginseng's immunomodulatory CTX-induced mice. In this study, all groups (American polysaccharide [AGP], ginsenoside [AGG], co-treated with [AGP_AGG]) have relieve immune disorder by reversing lymphocyte subsets ratio spleen peripheral blood, as well stimulating CD4+T cells IgA-secreting small intestine. These three treatment groups, especially AGP_AGG group recovered intestine morphology that up-regulated villus height (VH)/crypt depth (CD) ratio, areas mucins expression, quantity goblet cells, expression tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin). Importantly, microbiome-metabolomics analysis was applied possible immuno-modulating mechanism. The synergistic polysaccharides ginsenosides (AGP_AGG group) restored gut microbiota composition increased various beneficial mucosa-associated bacterial taxa Clostridiales, Bifidobacterium, Lachnospiraceae, while decreased harmful bacteria Escherichia-Shigella Peptococcaceae. Also, altered fecal metabolites such uric acid, xanthurenic acylcarnitine, 9,10-DHOME, 13-HDoHE, LysoPE15:0, LysoPC 16:0, LysoPI 18:0, on, associated immunometabolism or protective barrier. results suggest AG, particularly may be immunostimulants targeting axis prevent side effects patients.

Language: Английский

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Medicinal Plants and Isolated Molecules Demonstrating Immunomodulation Activity as Potential Alternative Therapies for Viral Diseases Including COVID-19

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: May 13, 2021

Plants have been extensively studied since ancient times and numerous important chemical constituents with tremendous therapeutic potential are identified. Attacks of microorganisms including viruses bacteria can be counteracted an efficient immune system therefore, stimulation body's defense mechanism against infections has proven to effective approach. Polysaccharides, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, lactones the phytochemicals, reported primarily responsible for immunomodulation activity plants. These phytochemicals may act as lead molecules development safe immunomodulators remedies prevention cure viral diseases. Natural products known modulate in nonspecific ways. A number plant-based principles identified isolated which justify their use traditional folklore medicine form basis further specified research. The aim current review is describe highlight certain plants along bioactive constituents. Relevant literatures recent years were searched from commonly employed scientific databases on ethnopharmacological use. Most displaying considerable summarized possible mechanisms. discussions shall hopefully elicit attention researchers encourage studies these therapy management infectious diseases, ones such COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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Natural Ingredients to Improve Immunity

Pharmaceuticals, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16(4), P. 528 - 528

Published: April 1, 2023

The immune system protects the body from infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Once encountered with pathogens antigens, innate and adaptive arms of trigger a strong response to eliminate them protect body. Thus, well-balanced immunity is pivotal for maintaining human health, an insufficient level defense leads infections tumors. In contrast, excessive functioning causes development autoimmune diseases allergies. Strong requires adequate nutrition, dietary interventions, sufficient intake certain vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin D, folic acid) minerals (magnesium, zinc, selenium). Therefore, nutritional micronutrient deficiencies lead compromised immunity. Several natural ingredients have shown potent immunomodulatory properties. immune-enhancing properties many plants fungi are due containing bioactive phytoconstituents polyphenols, terpenoids, β-glucans, vitamins, etc. Probiotics prebiotics can be used innovative tools reduce intestinal inflammation downregulate hypersensitivity reactions. Plant sources melatonin, multifunctional molecule proven anti-inflammatory properties, been discovered relatively recently. compounds augment by directly increasing cytotoxic activity killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils. Many prevent cell damage their powerful antimicrobial, antioxidant, present review attempts understand molecular mechanisms underlying some plants, fungi, animals, microorganisms, other sources.

Language: Английский

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Rare ginsenosides: A unique perspective of ginseng research

Journal of Advanced Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 66, P. 303 - 328

Published: Jan. 7, 2024

Rare ginsenosides (Rg3, Rh2, C-K, etc.) refer to a group of dammarane triterpenoids that exist in low natural abundance, mostly produced by deglycosylation or side chain modification via physicochemical processing metabolic transformation gut, and last but not least, exhibited potent biological activity comparing the primary ginsenosides, which lead high concern both research development ginseng ginsenoside-related nutraceutical products. Nevertheless, comprehensive review on these promising compounds is available yet. Review In this review, recent advances (RGs) were summarized dealing with structurally diverse characteristics, traditional usage, drug discovery situation, clinical application, pharmacological effects underlying mechanisms, structure-activity relationship, toxicity, stereochemistry properties, production strategies. Key Scientific Concepts A total 144 RGs skeletons bioactivities isolated from Panax species. acted as ligands some specific receptors, such bile acid steroid hormone adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptors. The showed including immunoregulatory adaptogen-like effect, anti-aging anti-tumor well their cardiovascular cerebrovascular system, central nervous obesity diabetes, interaction gut microbiota. Clinal trials indicated potential RGs, while quality data remains inadequate, no obvious was founded. properties induced at C (20) also addressed pharmacodynamics behaviors, together state-of-art analytical strategies for identification saponin stereoisomers. Finally, batch preparation targeted designated heating acid/ alkaline-assisted processes, enzymatic biotransformation biosynthesis discussed. Hopefully, present can provide more clues extensive understanding future in-depth originated worldwide recognized plants.

Language: Английский

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Pharmacological effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on intestinal inflammation and the immune system

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: April 18, 2024

Intestinal inflammatory imbalance and immune dysfunction may lead to a spectrum of intestinal diseases, such as bowel disease (IBD) gastrointestinal tumors. As the king herbs, ginseng has exerted wide range pharmacological effects in various diseases. Especially, it been shown that ginsenosides have strong immunomodulatory anti-inflammatory abilities system. In this review, we summarized how extracts influence inflammation function, including regulating balance, modulating expression mediators cytokines, promoting mucosal wound healing, preventing colitis-associated colorectal cancer, recovering gut microbiota metabolism imbalance, alleviating antibiotic-induced diarrhea, relieving symptoms irritable syndrome. addition, specific experimental methods key control mechanisms are also briefly described.

Language: Английский

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Glycogen-based pH and redox sensitive nanoparticles with ginsenoside Rh2 for effective treatment of ulcerative colitis

Biomaterials, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 280, P. 121077 - 121077

Published: Aug. 20, 2021

Language: Английский

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Immunomodulatory, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Cancer Properties of Ginseng: A Pharmacological Update

Molecules, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 28(9), P. 3863 - 3863

Published: May 3, 2023

Ginseng, a medicinal plant of the genus Panax, boasts rich historical record usage that dates back to Paleolithic period. This botanical is extensively acknowledged and consumed in Eastern countries for its therapeutic properties, and, Western countries, it becoming increasingly popular as remedy fatigue asthenia. review provides an update on current research pertaining ginseng isolated compounds, namely, ginsenosides polysaccharides. The primary focus three crucial pharmacological activities, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer effects. encompasses studies both compounds various extracts obtained from root, leaves, berries.

Language: Английский

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Ginseng polysaccharide reduces autoimmune hepatitis inflammatory response by inhibiting PI3K/AKT and TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathways

Phytomedicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 116, P. 154859 - 154859

Published: May 4, 2023

Language: Английский

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Mini-encyclopedia of mitochondria-relevant nutraceuticals protecting health in primary and secondary care—clinically relevant 3PM innovation

The EPMA Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(2), P. 163 - 205

Published: April 18, 2024

Despite their subordination in humans, to a great extent, mitochondria maintain independent status but tightly cooperate with the "host" on protecting joint life quality and minimizing health risks. Under oxidative stress conditions, healthy promptly increase mitophagy level remove damaged "fellows" rejuvenating mitochondrial population sending fragments of mtDNA as SOS signals all systems human body. As long metabolic pathways are under systemic control well-concerted together, adaptive mechanisms become triggered increasing protection, activating antioxidant defense repair machinery. Contextually, attributes patho-/physiology instrumental for predictive medical approach cost-effective treatments tailored individualized patient profiles primary (to protect vulnerable individuals again health-to-disease transition) secondary affected disease progression) care. Nutraceuticals naturally occurring bioactive compounds demonstrating health-promoting, illness-preventing, other health-related benefits. Keeping mind health-promoting properties nutraceuticals along therapeutic potential safety profile, there is permanently growing demand application mitochondria-relevant nutraceuticals. Application beneficial only if meeting needs at individual level. Therefore, risk assessment creation pivotal importance followed by adapted nutraceutical sets needs. Based scientific evidence available nutraceuticals, this article presents examples frequent which require protective measures targeted holistic following advanced concepts predictive, preventive, personalized medicine (PPPM/3PM)

Language: Английский

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Overview of Panax ginseng and its active ingredients protective mechanism on cardiovascular diseases

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 334, P. 118506 - 118506

Published: July 2, 2024

Language: Английский

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