A Detailed Overview of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron: Its Sub-Variants, Mutations and Pathophysiology, Clinical Characteristics, Immunological Landscape, Immune Escape, and Therapies

Viruses, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(1), P. 167 - 167

Published: Jan. 5, 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has created significant concern for everyone. Recent data from many worldwide reports suggest that most infections are caused by the Omicron variant and its sub-lineages, dominating all previously emerged variants. numerous mutations in Omicron’s viral genome sub-lineages attribute it a larger amount of fitness, owing to alteration transmission pathophysiology virus. With rapid change structure, sub-variants, namely BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, BA.5, dominate community with an ability escape neutralization efficiency induced prior vaccination or infections. Similarly, several recombinant sub-variants Omicron, XBB, XBD, XBF, etc., have emerged, which better understanding. This review mainly entails changes due having higher number mutations. binding affinity, cellular entry, disease severity, infection rates, importantly, immune evading potential them discussed this review. A comparative analysis Delta other variants evolved before gives readers in-depth understanding landscape infection. Furthermore, discusses range abilities possessed approved antiviral therapeutic molecules neutralizing antibodies functional against sub-variants. evolution is causing infections, but broader aspect their not been explored. Thus, scientific should adopt elucidative approach obtain clear idea about recently including variants, so effective vaccines drugs can be achieved. This, turn, will lead drop cases and, finally, end pandemic.

Language: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines, Vaccine Development Technologies, and Significant Efforts in Vaccine Development during the Pandemic: The Lessons Learned Might Help to Fight against the Next Pandemic

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(3), P. 682 - 682

Published: March 17, 2023

We are currently approaching three years since the beginning of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 has caused extensive disruptions in everyday life, public health, and global economy. Thus far, vaccine worked better than expected against virus. During pandemic, we experienced several things, such as virus its pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatments; emerging variants; different vaccines; development processes. This review describes how each been developed approved with help modern technology. also discuss critical milestones during process. Several lessons were learned from countries two research, development, trials, vaccination. The process will to fight next

Language: Английский

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The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron recombinant subvariants XBB, XBB.1, and XBB.1.5 are expanding rapidly with unique mutations, antibody evasion, and immune escape properties – an alarming global threat of a surge in COVID-19 cases again?

International Journal of Surgery, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 109(4), P. 1041 - 1043

Published: March 14, 2023

Chakraborty, Chiranjib PhD; Bhattacharya, Manojit; Chopra, Hitesh Islam, Md. Aminul; Saikumar, G.; Dhama, Kuldeep MVSc.PhD Author Information

Language: Английский

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Resistance to nirmatrelvir due to mutations in the Mpro in the subvariants of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron: Another concern?

Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 32, P. 263 - 266

Published: April 6, 2023

The world has faced 3 years of the COVID-19 pandemic with billions infections, millions deaths, and a massive economic crisis. Since began, scientists have started to fight against SARS-CoV-2. One significant scientific effort was searching for successful therapeutic molecules virus. repurposing drug candidates initiated in initial stage pandemic.1Cantini F. Goletti D. Petrone L. Najafi Fard S. Niccoli Foti R. Immune therapy, or antiviral both COVID-19: systematic review.Drugs. 2020; 80: 1929-1946Crossref PubMed Scopus (71) Google Scholar,2Chakraborty C. Sharma A.R. Bhattacharya M. Agoramoorthy G. Lee S.S. clinical trials provide very effective combinations: lessons learned from major studies.Front. Pharmacol. 2021; 12: 704205Crossref (56) Scholar,3Saha R.P. Singh M.K. 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African trial denied access key COVID Paxlovid.Nature. 2022; 604: 412-413Crossref (9) Scholar,7Callaway E. rebound surprisingly common - even without (Preprint at)https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-02121-zCrossref Scholar,8Niraj N. Mahajan Prakash Sarma P. Medhi Paxlovid: promising challenging treatment SARS-COV-2 era.Indian J. 54: 452-458PubMed Scholar,9Mohapatra R.K. Tiwari Sarangi A.K. Islam M.R. Dhama K. (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2: concerns, challenges, updates.J. Med. Virol. 94: 2336-2342Crossref (59) During past years, created nature mutations S other proteins like etc.10Cappell M.S. Friedman Mikhail Chyloperitoneum associated chronic severe sarcoidosis.Am. Gastroenterol. 1993; 88: 99-101PubMed Scholar,11Chakraborty Evolution, mode transmission, mutational landscape variants.mBio. e0114021Crossref (44) These caused resistance, reported time time.12Chakraborty A detailed overview immune escape, antibody partial vaccine escape their mutations.Front. Immunol. 13: 801522Crossref (39) Scholar,13Chakraborty Emerging role small molecule-based resistance.Curr. Opin. 62: 64-73Crossref (24) Several observed subvariants that cause escape.14Chakraborty Mallik heavily mutated variant: mapped location probable properties an emphasis on S-glycoprotein.Int. Biol. Macromol. 219: 980-997Crossref (13) Scholar,15Chakraborty Continent-wide evolutionary trends variants: dynamic profiles Alpha Omicron.GeroScience. 44: 2371-2392Crossref Scholar,16Chatterjee Nag Omicron: sub-variants, pathophysiology, characteristics, immunological landscape, therapies.Viruses. 2023; 15: 167Crossref (23) Scholar,17Chakraborty rapid emergence multiple sublineages profiling via phylogenetics studies.J. Infect. Public Health. 1234-1258Crossref (10) phenomenon causes immense concern scientists. Recently, noted might be responsible nirmatrelvir resistance (Figure 1). acquired wide range non-structural during generation. allowed it adjust quickly environment, increase infectivity rate, eventually develop due hotspot residues. This actually survival. FDA approved (an component Paxlovid) treating mild-to-moderate infections combat developing variations predominantly subvariants.18Padhi Tripathi T. Hotspot residues nirmatrelvir-binding site main protease: design, identification, correlation globally circulating viral genomes.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 629: 54-60Crossref (12) It proven oral 3CL protease SARS-CoV-2, pandemic.19Iketani Mohri Culbertson Hong S.J. Duan Y. Luck M.I. Annavajhala Guo Sheng Z. Uhlemann A.C. et al.Multiple pathways nirmatrelvir.Nature. 613: 558-564Crossref (63) interacts Cys145 residue nsp5 establishing covalent bond.20Lan Neilsen Slack R.L. Cantara W.A. Castaner A.E. Lorson Z.C. Lulkin N.D. Zhang Cilento M.E. Tedbury P.R. Nirmatrelvir Omicron_BA.1 WA1 replicons strategies.bioRxiv. at)https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.12.31.522389Crossref (0) New potently evade currently available therapeutics continue arise intense selective pressure spike glycoprotein. Many so far.21Willett B.J. Grove MacLean O.A. Wilkie De Lorenzo Furnon W. Cantoni Scott Logan Ashraf al.SARS-CoV-2 altered cell entry pathway.Nat. Microbiol. 7: 1161-1179Crossref (161) Scholar,22Greaney A.J. Starr T.N. Gilchuk Zost Binshtein Loes A.N. Hilton S.K. Huddleston Eguia Crawford K.H.D. al.Complete receptor-binding domain recognition.Cell Host Microbe. 29: 44-57.e9Abstract Full Text PDF (564) Scholar,23Greaney Malone K.D. Chu H.Y. Bloom J.D. Comprehensive affect recognition polyclonal human plasma antibodies.Cell 463-476.e6Abstract (618) Scholar,24Kudriavtsev A.V. Vakhrusheva Novoseletsky C.V.N. Bozdaganyan Shaitan K.V. Kirpichnikov M.P. Sokolova O.S. RBD evolution dynamics.Viruses. 1603Crossref (11) Antiviral treatments crucial those who not immunized cases illness suddenly. Because vital coronavirus replication, coronaviruses makes extremely target.21Willett SARS 2002 more pandemic, (Mpro/3CLpro) (CoV) family initially investigated target designing various therapeutics.25Anand Ziebuhr Wadhwani Mesters J.R. Hilgenfeld Coronavirus proteinase (3CLpro) structure: basis design anti-SARS drugs.Science. 2003; 300: 1763-1767Crossref (1359) Scholar,26Boras Jones R.M. Anson Arenson Aschenbrenner Bakowski M.A. Beutler Binder Chen Eng al.Preclinical characterization intravenous inhibitor COVID19.Nat. 6055Crossref (130) Scholar,27Service R.F. call arms.Science. 371: 1092-1095Crossref (7) results obtained constructing inhibitors hepatitis C virus (HCV) HIV-1 instigated similar treat infection.28Flexner HIV-protease inhibitors.N. Engl. 1998; 338: 1281-1292Crossref (772) Scholar,29Anderson Schiffer Swanstrom Viral inhibitors.Handb. Exp. 2009; 189: 85-110Crossref (94) viruses now circulation Mpro make them resistant nirmatrelvir. For instance, M49I mutation 1,883 genomes May 2022, minor late 2021.30Sedova Jaroszewski Iyer Godzik Monitoring broad populations.bioRxiv. at)https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.27.493798Crossref Sasi al. highlighted potency decreased five mutations, namely Q189E, Q192T, N142L, Q189I, E166M. IC50 reduced factor 24 E166M mutation.31Sasi V.M. Ullrich Ton Fry S.E. Johansen-Leete Payne R.J. Nitsche Jackson C.J. Predicting computational experimental screening.Biochemistry. 61: 2495-2505Crossref According phylogenetic analyses, nirmatrelvir-resistant transmissible appear existed before introduced into population.32Moghadasi Heilmann Moraes Kearns F.L. von Laer Amaro R.E. al.Transmissible inhibitors.bioRxiv. at)https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.08.07.503099Crossref In addition, Lan al.20Lan designed specific hinder nirmatrelvir’s ability attach substrate study resistance. used 12 wild-type one (BA.1), followed enzymatic assays cell-based complementation. result demonstrated E166V conferred strong approximately 55-fold, drop replicon fitness (nearly 20-fold), but BA.1 (2-fold), cases. However, L50F improved replicons. Due these variations, possibly may lower barrier than variant.20Lan Despite prevalent variant, P132H, maintained vitro efficacy Omicron, BQ.1.1,33Imai Ito Kiso Yamayoshi Uraki Fukushi Watanabe Suzuki Maeda Sakai-Tagawa al.Efficacy agents BQ.1.1 XBB.N. 388: 89-91Crossref (77) XBB,33Imai BA.1,34Greasley Noell Plotnikova O. Ferre Liu Bolanos Fennell Nicki Craig Zhu al.Structural variants.J. Chem. 298: 101972Abstract BA.1.1,35Takashita Simon V. van Bakel Sordillo E.M. Pekosz Halfmann antibodies drugs BA.2.12.1, BA.4, BA.5 subvariants.N. 387: 468-470Crossref (132) BA.5,35Takashita BA.4,35Takashita BA.2,35Takashita BA.2.12.1,35Takashita BA.2.75.36Saito Tamura Zahradnik Deguchi Tabata Anraku Kimura I. Yamasoba Nasser al.Virological characteristics BA.2.75 variant.Cell 30: 1540-1555.e15Abstract (37) outcomes testing encouraging, there still many challenges widespread application. First, participants received when infection early stages. practice, can administer antivirals patients soon they diagnosed positive. Second, despite careful patient selection, monotherapy produces suboptimal results.37Mahase Covid-19: pfizer's paxlovid 89% at risk serious illness, company reports.BMJ. 375: n2713Crossref (249) Scholar,38Jayk Bernal Gomes da Silva M.M. Musungaie D.B. Kovalchuk Gonzalez Delos Reyes Martín-Quirós Caraco Williams-Diaz Brown M.L. al.Molnupiravir covid-19 Nonhospitalized patients.N. 386: 509-520Crossref (839) shown reduce hamsters’ respiratory organs after infected BA.2 variant.39Uraki Iida Imai Takashita Kuroda P.J. Loeber Maemura al.Characterization susceptibility BA.2.Nature. 607: 119-127Crossref (112) transmission suppressed entirely group animals given human-equivalent dose molnupiravir. Still, pharmacokinetic did significantly titers ferrets. also prevent untreated ferrets direct contact. While prophylactic resulted all contacts, molnupiravir uninfected close prevented transmission.40Cox Lieber C.M. Wolf Karimi Lieberman N.A.P. Sticher Z.M. Roychoudhury Andrews Krueger Natchus M.G. al.Paxlovid-like nirmatrelvir/ritonavir fails block ferrets.bioRxiv. An Iketani al.19Iketani 13 recombinant clones revealed higher levels needed accumulation further because three noteworthy T21I, P252L, T304I, only low-level 100-fold). replicate, later recovered compensatory modifications T21I L50F. show variety pathways, unique here solid framework investigate mechanism detail guide potent future generations.19Iketani dynamics simulations, combination E166M, alone, binding between Mpro. polymerase remdesivir bebtelovimab (a monoclonal antibody) anti-nirmatrelvir activity lineages. compounds compared administration individual components. discoveries how therapies monitored ensured effective.41Zhou Gammeltoft K.A. Ryberg L.A. Pham L.V. Tjørnelund H.D. Binderup Duarte Hernandez C.R. Fernandez-Antunez Offersgaard Fahnøe U. al.Nirmatrelvir-resistant infectious culture system.Sci. Adv. 8: eadd7197Crossref (35) quick aggressive preclinical helped health care burden 2022. exceptionally efficient combating wave, preserved efficacy. first quarter generated $1.5 billion sales, making prescribed throughout world.42Gold J.A.W. Kelleher Magid B.R. Pennini Kushner Weston E.J. Rasulnia Kuwabara Bennett al.Dispensing zip code-level social vulnerability United States, december 23, 2021-may 21, 2022.MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 71: 825-829Crossref When taken, system actively destroys including any potentially versions developed. sense concentrate efforts surveillance immunocompromised receiving detect drug-resistant If medication could chosen happened previously will undoubtedly produce vivo. Although existing monotherapies, feasible beneficial employing cocktail possibility escape.19Iketani Therefore, need work cocktails discover options Simultaneously, would help pandemic. authors confirm data supporting findings within article.

Language: Английский

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Recently emerged omicron subvariant BF.7 and its R346T mutation in the RBD region reveal increased transmissibility and higher resistance to neutralization antibodies: need to understand more under the current scenario of rising cases in China and fears of driving a new wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

International Journal of Surgery, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 109(4), P. 1037 - 1040

Published: March 14, 2023

Dear Editor, About 1 year earlier, the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) was first identified in Botswana on 9 November 20211,2. Subsequently, spread throughout South Africa. Afterwards, this very quickly through world. Scientists noted a higher amount of transmissibility than other variants and also observed reduced pathogenicity3. Suzuki colleagues about 3.31-fold compared to Delta variant. The researchers found that spike (S) protein cleaved into two subunits proficiently, it caused cell–cell fusion. They less efficiently Delta's or wild-type SARS-CoV-24. However, several sublineages have rapidly emerged after emergence Omicron. emerging subvariances are BA.2, BA.2.75, BA.2.75.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.3, BA.4, BA.51,5–7. Other recently important subvariants BQ.1, BQ.1.1, BA.4.6, XBB.1, BF.7, which attracted global attention with fears rise coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) cases could feasibly pose an alarming new wave surges amid ongoing COVID-19 pandemic8. Of note, presently more 650 million confirmed over 6.6 deaths been reported due as 23 December 2022, start is being witnessed few countries newer Omicron9. Few most revealed accumulated additional mutations, relatively transmissibility, humoral immune evasion leading lower neutralization ability vaccines booster shots-induced protective immunity10–12. All people thought pandemic going end. at point, number per day recorded China. A subvariant creating China's present surge. parts globe, such India, Brazil, USA13. This made everybody concerned recent modeling study simulations forecasted there might be one China during next months. tried calculate include only direct infection. did not consider surplus hindrances treating non-COVID-19 diseases. they recommended vaccination dosages for people14. current surge significant terms cumulative deaths. Recent Nature journal news highlighted death-related forecast model regarding China15. has 50 mutations genome 32 protein. 55 BF.7 genome. Thirty detected S-protein encoding gene subvariant. Similarly, some structural genes are: mutation E, three M, ORF8, six N gene. At same time, researcher nonstructural ORF1a having eight ORF1b four each ORF8 ORF3a. carries mutation, R346T, along S-protein. BF.7's 'parent' BA.5 linked increasing viral capability escape neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) induced by earlier particular residue (R346) BA.5. Several (R346T, R346S, R346S) Arora sublineage R346, R346T R346S. within S-protein's receptor-binding domain (RBD) domain. increased frequency infectivity mutation. Mutations R346S enhance resistance nAbs, augment infectivity, both16. developed using SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus particles (pp) used understand virus host cell entry its neutralization, adopted from Schmidt et al.'s study17. BA.4/5 pp BA.4/5pp. reduction around 1.6 times16. contains Another Qu al.10 demonstrated antibody-mediated (D1199N, F486S, K444T, R346T) BQ.1. indicated RBD region responsible evasion, K444T) associated our in-silico analysis shows location (Fig. 1A, B). Our heat map-related representation demonstrate high 1C, D).Figure 1: heatmap-like compare (A) ad their (B) critical region. antibody. (C) indicates analysis. heatmap T19I K417N. An arrow located representation. (D) rest mutations' (N440K–D1199N) figure N440K D1199N. Figures 1C 1D were National Genomics Data Center (NGDC)'s RCoV19 Database China.The basic reproductive R0 plays role understanding contagiousness pathogen time. often calculated assess public health epidemiology-related issues18. average 5.08, while assumed 10–18.6. It transmission, etc. play BF.7. There urgent need impact unfold mutation's properties subvariants. biological related should understood more. question needs solved: Is nAbs single (R346T) synergistic effect mutations? We urge immediately molecular mechanism translated enhanced lineages consequent gain invade existing immunity, so effectively control formulating adequate tailored mitigation strategies avoid further counter any level pandemic. Considering deadly waves, resulted huge adverse socioeconomic impacts, we fully prepared act proactively dangerous wave. enhancing surveillance monitoring timely knowledge status adopting strict vigilance implementing appropriate behavior safety measures strictly, including wearing face mask, regular hand washing, promoting campaigns, administering boosters, developing effective vaccines, updating match newly circulating subvariants, strengthening one's approach holistic way. Ethical approval article does require human animal subjects acquire approval. Sources funding received no specific grant agency public, commercial, not-for-profit sectors. Author contribution C.C. M.B.: draft supervised study. H.C., P.B., K.D.: review editing. M.A.I.: supervision. Conflicts interest disclosure authors report conflicts relevant article. Research registration unique identifying (UIN) Name registry: applicable. Unique ID: Hyperlink your (must publicly accessible will checked): Guarantor Md. Aminul Islam, Diagnostic Lab, Department Microbiology, Noakhali Science Technology University, 3814, Bangladesh. E-mail: [email protected] statement data correspondence sensitive nature therefore available confidential nature. Provenance peer Not commissioned, internally peer-reviewed.

Language: Английский

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Recent SARS-CoV-2 evolution trajectories indicate the emergence of Omicron’s several subvariants and the current rise of KP.3.1.1 and XEC

Virology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 110508 - 110508

Published: March 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2 emerging Omicron subvariants with a special focus on BF.7 and XBB.1.5 recently posing fears of rising cases amid ongoing COVID-19 pandemic

Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(6), P. 1215 - 1221

Published: Dec. 31, 2022

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron versions have been the sole one circulating for quite some time. Subvariants BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, and BA.5 of emerged over time through mutation, with BA.1 responsible most global pandemic between December 2021 January 2022. Other subvariants such as BQ.1, BQ.1.1, BA.4.6, BF.7, BA.2.75.2, XBB.1 appeared recently could cause a new wave increased cases amid ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. There is evidence that certain transmissibility, extra spike mutations, ability to overcome protective effects neutralizing antibodies immunological evasion. In recent months, BF.7 subvariant has in news due its spread China small number other countries, raising concerns about possible rebound cases. More recently, XBB.1.5 captured international attention an increase United States. As highly transmissible sublineage BA.5, well having shorter incubation potential reinfect or infect immune population, stronger infection ability. It appears regional landscape affected by amount timing previous waves, vaccination coverage, which turn determines whether escape sufficient drive waves. Expanding our understanding transmission efficacy vaccines, immunotherapeutics, antiviral drugs against newly emerging lineages, bolstering genomic facilities tracking their maintaining constant vigilance, shedding more light on evolution mutational events, would help development effective mitigation strategies. Importantly, reducing occurrence mutations recombination virus can be aided One health approach emphasizing significance combating zoonosis reversal linked COVID-19. This article provides brief overview variant, lineages subvairants special focus much infectious variations may once again threaten sharp globally currently pandemic, along presenting salient measures.

Language: Английский

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COVID’s future: Viral multi-lineage evolution and the dynamics of small epidemic waves without seasonality in COVID-19

Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 5(3), P. 96 - 99

Published: July 27, 2023

Since its emergence, SARS-CoV-2 virus, the causative agent of COVID-19, has undergone over three years evolutionary changes. Throughout this process, multiple variants, such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron, have emerged, leading to widespread outbreaks pandemics. A comprehensive analysis evolution past reveals progression through distinct stages.

Language: Английский

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Reverse Zoonotic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and Monkeypox Virus: A Comprehensive Review

The Journal of Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 62(5), P. 337 - 354

Published: May 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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Natural selection of the D614G mutation in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant and its subvariants

Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 31, P. 437 - 439

Published: Feb. 13, 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a threat to human health and the global economy for over 3 years.1Ibn-Mohammed T. Mustapha K.B. Godsell J. Adamu Z. Babatunde K.A. Akintade D.D. Acquaye A. Fujii H. Ndiaye M.M. Yamoah F.A. Koh S.C.L. A critical analysis of impacts on ecosystems opportunities circular strategies.Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2021; 164: 105169https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105169Crossref PubMed Scopus (392) Google Scholar,2Song L. Zhou Y. its impact economy: what does it take turn crisis into opportunity?.China World Econ. 2020; 28: 1-25https://doi.org/10.1111/cwe.12349Crossref (93) Scholar causative RNA virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), belongs betacoronavirus family was preceded by SARS-CoV middle east (MERS).3Saha Sharma A.R. Bhattacharya M. G. Lee S.S. Chakraborty C. Response to: status remdesivir: not yet beyond question.Arch. Med. Res. 52: 104-106https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.09.005Crossref (8) viruses are capable rapid mutation, producing different variants. Natural selection is key driving force viral evolution, especially viruses, SARS-CoV-2 no exception this rule.4Chakraborty Saha Agoramoorthy D614G mutation eventuates in all VOI VOC SARS-CoV-2: part positive pioneered Darwin?.Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids. 26: 237-241https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2021.07.011Abstract Full Text PDF (25) enters host cell through an interaction between surface spike protein (S protein) angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) receptor.5Chakraborty R.P. Ghosh S. Biswas Samanta other coronaviruses: mapping protease recognition sites, antigenic variation their grouping molecular phylogenetics.Infect. Genet. Evol. 89: 104729https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104729Crossref (6) Scholar,6Chakraborty Mallick B. Evaluation interaction, physicochemical parameters conserved pattern Spike RBD hACE2: silico dynamics approach.Eur. Rev. Pharmacol. Sci. 25: 1708-1723https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202102_24881Crossref S large trimeric comprising three non-covalently joined subunits. Any interest given direct involvement infectivity pathogenicity. For past two decades, mutations have studied extensively MERS potential therapeutic development.7Chakraborty drug targets landscape: pharmacological insight view new development.Expert Clin. 14: 225-238https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2021.1874348Crossref (15) Scholar,8Ozono Zhang Ode Sano K. Tan T.S. Imai Miyoshi Kishigami Ueno Iwatani et al.SARS-CoV-2 increases entry efficiency with enhanced ACE2-binding affinity.Nat. Commun. 12: 848https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21118-2Crossref (272) Among these D614G, non-synonymous at 614 position protein. high prevalence suggests that confers selective advantage. Indeed, induces conformational change protein, which becomes more open, increasing binding affinity ACE2.8Ozono This, turn, SARS-CoV-2.9Volz E. Hill V. McCrone J.T. Price Jorgensen D. O'Toole Á. Southgate Johnson R. Jackson Nascimento F.F. al.Evaluating effects transmissibility pathogenicity.Cell. 184: 64-75.e11https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.020Abstract (610) correlation also often associated high-frequency mutations. Over time, become clear thus widespread (Figure 1).4Chakraborty Scholar,9Volz Moreover, higher comparatively lower mortality, drive persistent presence population.9Volz Scholar,10Daniloski Jordan T.X. Ilmain J.K. Guo X. Bhabha tenOever B.R. Sanjana N.E. infection multiple types.Elife. 10: e65365https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.65365Crossref (111) may increase fitness. Yang al. demonstrated helps gain fitness folding stability.11Yang T.J. Yu P.Y. Chang Y.C. Hsu S.T.D. enhances desensitizing temperature-dependent denaturation.J. Biol. Chem. 297: 101238https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101238Abstract (30) Majumdar Niyogi confirmed fitness, concluding essential fitness.12Majumdar P. mutations: biological trackway towards fitness.Epidemiol. Infect. 149: e110https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268821001060Crossref (36) contributes increased transmission capacity SARS-CoV-2. Leung identified wild-type D614 clusters mutant-type G614 among sequences from ten countries.13Leung Pei G.M. Lam T.T. Wu Estimating advantage mutant strain SARS-CoV-2, December 2019 June 2020.Euro Surveill. 2002005https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.49.2002005Crossref They estimated 31% transmissible than D614. Our previous supports finding, as we found variants circulating worldwide.4Chakraborty Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant subvariants dominant worldwide, including lineages B.1.1.529, BA.2, BA.2.75, BA.2.75.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.3, BA.4, BA.5.14Dhama Nainu F. Frediansyah Yatoo M.I. Mohapatra R.K. Islam M.R. Mamada Kusuma H.I. al.Global emerging impacts, challenges strategies.J. Public Health. 2023; 16: 4-14https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2022.11.024Crossref (53) Scholar,15Chakraborty Dhama Cases BA.2.75 recent BA.2.75.2 subvariant India: alarming level?.Ann. Surg. 2022; 84: 104963https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104963Crossref (4) Scholar,16Chakraborty emergence sublineages variant: dynamic profiling via phylogenetics mutational landscape studies.J. 15: 1234-1258https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2022.10.004Crossref (10) Based our findings, present frequency most 2).4Chakraborty can be attributed natural selection, plays vital role evolution.17MacLean O.A. Lytras Weaver Singer J.B. Boni M.F. Lemey Kosakovsky Pond S.L. Robertson D.L. al.Natural evolution bats created generalist virus highly pathogen.PLoS 19: e3001115https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001115Crossref (102) Similarly, generated during acquired significant selection. became worldwide short period time precipitated many changes characteristic features glycoprotein. particular raised doubt scientists regarding efficacy existing vaccines.18Bhattacharya Chatterjee S-protein structure, function, infectivity, immunity.Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 105: 9035-9045https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11676-2Crossref (27) Notably, might immune escape capacity, re-infection, posing substantial humanity. Fortunately, despite rate, mortality. authors confirm data supporting findings study available within article. declare competing interests.

Language: Английский

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