A review of SARS-CoV-2 variants and vaccines: Viral properties, mutations, vaccine efficacy, and safety

Infectious Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 2(4), P. 247 - 261

Published: Sept. 13, 2023

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease 2 instigated by of 2019 (COVID-19) has delivered an unfathomable obstruction that touched all sectors worldwide. Despite new vaccine technologies and mass administration booster doses, the virus persists, unknown ending pandemic for variants sub-variants. Moreover, whether leaning on home medications or using plant extracts is sufficient often to combat generated tremendous interest in scientific fraternity. Different databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web Science, Google Scholar used find published articles linked with related topics. Currently, COVID-19 third fourth shots vaccines are progressively administered worldwide, where some countries trail others a significant margin. Many proteins viral activity have changed, possibly boosting infectivity making antibodies ineffective. This study will reminisce genome, associated pathways protein functions, variants, their mutations. current, comprehensive review also provide information developed several biotech companies efficacy costs boosters level. As no working protect fully against proactive research needs be conducted based sub-lineage,

Language: Английский

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A meta-meta-analysis of co-infection, secondary infections, and antimicrobial resistance in COVID-19 patients

Journal of Infection and Public Health, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16(10), P. 1562 - 1590

Published: July 18, 2023

The newly discovered coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has sparked a worldwide pandemic of COVID-19, which caused havoc on medical infrastructures, economies, and cultures around the world. Determining whole scenario is essential since variants sub-variants keep appearing after vaccinations booster doses. objective this secondary meta-analysis to analysis co-infection, infections, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in COVID-19 patients. This study used five significant databases conduct systematic review an overlap evaluate pooled estimates co-infections infections. summary showed overall co-infection effect 26.19% (95% confidence intervals CI: 21.39 31.01, I2=98.78, n = 14 meta-analysis) among patients with COVID-19. A coinfection 11.13% 9.7 12.56, I2=99.14, 11 for bacteria; 9.69% 1.21 7.90, I2 =98.33) fungal 3.48% 2.15 4.81, =95.84) viruses. infection 19.03% 9.53 28.54, =85.65) was from 2 meta-analyses (Ave: 82 primary studies). first that compiles results all previous three years into single source offers strong proof infections Early detection AMR crucial order effectively effective treatment.

Language: Английский

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Systematic detection of co-infection and intra-host recombination in more than 2 million global SARS-CoV-2 samples

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Jan. 15, 2024

Abstract Systematic monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 co-infections between different lineages and assessing the risk intra-host recombinant emergence are crucial for forecasting viral evolution. Here we present a comprehensive analysis more than 2 million raw read datasets submitted to European COVID-19 Data Portal identify recombination. Co-infection was observed in 0.35% investigated cases. Two independent procedures were implemented detect We show that sensitivity is predominantly determined by density lineage-defining mutations along genome, thus used an expanded list mutually exclusive defining specific variant combinations increase statistical power. call attention multiple challenges rendering detection difficult provide guidelines reduction false positives arising from chimeric sequences produced during PCR amplification. Additionally, three recombination hotspots Delta – Omicron BA.1 recombinants.

Language: Английский

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Global threat from novel SARS-CoV-2 variants, BF.7, XBB.1.5, BQ.1, and BQ.1.1: variants of concern?

Human Cell, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 36(3), P. 1218 - 1221

Published: March 31, 2023

Language: Английский

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Insight into vaccination and meteorological factors on daily COVID-19 cases and mortality in Bangladesh

Groundwater for Sustainable Development, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21, P. 100932 - 100932

Published: March 2, 2023

Language: Английский

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A New COVID-19 Detection Method Based on CSK/QAM Visible Light Communication and Machine Learning

Sensors, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 23(3), P. 1533 - 1533

Published: Jan. 30, 2023

This article proposes a novel method for detecting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in an underground channel using visible light communication (VLC) and machine learning (ML). We present mathematical models of COVID-19 Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA) gene transfer regular square constellations CSK/QAM-based VLC system. ML algorithms are used to classify the bands each electrophoresis sample according whether band corresponds positive, negative, or ladder during search optimal model. Complexity studies reveal that constellation N=22i×22i,(i=3) yields greater profit. Performance indicate that, BER = 10-3, there gains -10 [dB], -3 3 5 [dB] N=22i×22i,(i=0,1,2,3), respectively. Based on total 630 samples, best model is shown be XGBoots, which demonstrated accuracy 96.03%, than other models, recall 99% positive values.

Language: Английский

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The epidemiology and phylogenetic trends of Omicron subvariants from BA.5 to XBB.1 in Taiwan

Journal of Infection and Public Health, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 17(11), P. 102556 - 102556

Published: Sept. 30, 2024

Language: Английский

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Bird flu threat: An urgent call to take action to control the global spread

Journal of Infection and Public Health, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16(9), P. 1510 - 1511

Published: June 16, 2023

Language: Английский

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Systematic detection of co-infection and intra-host recombination in more than 2 million global SARS-CoV-2 samples

Research Square (Research Square), Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 17, 2023

Abstract Systematic monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 co-infections between different lineages and assessing the risk intra-host recombinant emergence are crucial for forecasting viral evolution. Here we present a comprehensive analysis more than 2 million raw read datasets submitted to European COVID-19 Data Portal identify recombination. Co-infection was observed in 0.35% investigated cases. Two independent procedures were implemented detect We show that sensitivity is predominantly determined by density lineage-defining mutations along genome, thus used an expanded list mutually exclusive defining specific variant combinations increase statistical power. call attention multiple challenges rendering detection difficult provide guidelines reduction false positives arising from chimeric sequences produced during PCR amplification. Additionally, three recombination hotspots Delta – Omicron BA.1 recombinants.

Language: Английский

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XBB.1.16: A new ultimatum for global public health

International Journal of Surgery Global Health, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 6(5)

Published: Aug. 16, 2023

SARS-CoV-2, +ssRNA virus belongs to the Coronaviridae family, and Nidovirales order infects all ages socioeconomic groups, resulting in respiratory disease. In 2019, initial spreading of infection Chinese city Wuhan was reported. Previously, SARS-CoV-1, which produced an outbreak from 2002 2004, is linked SARS-CoV-21. WHO announced January 2020 a pandemic March with high contagiousness humans. Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Omicron are notable concern variants SARS-CoV-2 that came out late 2020. Following WHO, 761,791,142 cases have been registered worldwide as April 12, 2023, 6,897,025 resulted deaths due various strains. (Lineage B.1.1.529) appeared Botswana November 2021, classified it “Variant Concern.” India detected case on December 2 Karnataka, 2021. After XBB.1.5 2022, mainly United States several other countries2, newest variant Omicron, XBB.1.16, named Arcturus3, recently occurred transmission. It first believed be more transmissible than previous variants. However, there appear mild symptoms without higher severity or risk hospital admission last variant, declared by dominant further describes XBB.1.16 “one watch” under inspection 30, 2023. The daily weekly positivity rates 3.65% 3.83%. Currently, ~40215 active present country. monthly prevalence increased 21.6% February this year 35.8% March. According Health Ministry’s website India, national COVID recovery rate has recorded at 98.75%. S protein differs because two substitutions: T478K receptor-binding domain (RBD) E180V N-terminal region. Two mutations novel sub-variant Omicron—one spike open reading frame—could exacerbate its pathogenicity severity. 10% related sub-variant4. There exhibition within viral (S) greater binding affinity for human angiotensin-converting enzyme II (hACE2) receptor entrance accelerating transmission many folds. sub-lineages, BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, much proficient escaping defense system. Though individual taken doses vaccine, can still not protect against variant. As result, neutralization efficiency vaccine gradually reduced5. Symptoms mostly low-grade flu-like fever increases lasts 1–2 days, sore throat, body pain, headache, runny nose, fatigue, muscle ache, abdominal discomfort. This new transmits fast but does cause any severe illness. Cold cough nonpurulent diarrhea few symptoms. Sticky itchy conjunctivitis (watery eyes, redness, swelling, irritation, itching, discharge) common preceding waves6. If disseminates lower tract, mankind may survive bronchitis cough. preprint, antibody resistant growth latest preprint study shows causing outbreaks will also spread shortly 1.27- 1.17-fold efficient reproductive number XBB.1 XBB.1.5. With 140% benefit over X.B.B.1.5, aggressive RNA directly diagnosed using nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) antigen test. Genome sequencing dedicated multiplex PCR genotype testing necessary identify viral-specific RT-PCR most popular kind NAAT utilized globally7. rapidly nasal swabs NAATs8. Nasopharyngeal, nasal, mid-turbinate swabs, nasopharyngeal wash/aspirate used specimens both NAATs Antigen tests. Still, oropharyngeal saliva specimen do use Serological tests performed detect antibodies SARS-CoV-2. Because their accuracy, IgG complete suggested above IgM antibody, IgA IgM/IgG differentiation tests9. cured convalescent plasma therapy, vaccination, interruption replication, minimized excessive inflammatory response, prevention fusion entrance. Targeting proteases, polymerases, MTases, entry proteins, antiviral agents include developed like alpha interferon (IFN-alpha), Liponavir, ritonavir, ribavirin, chloroquine phosphate, arbidol, etc9. Not maintaining social distancing, gathering crowded places, touching contaminated surface then mouth coughing sneezing, carelessness mask possible ways. precaution outreach important put covering well nose whenever public around people, maintain distance least m others, stay away crowd suffocating environments, hands washing habitually soapy water alcohol-based hand sanitizer, get vaccination soon including booster doses. recommended home based COVID-19. following precautionary measures recommended: follow guidelines regulations your local health authority regarding testing, quarantine, isolation. Ethical approval includes printed published information; therefore, formal ethical clearance applicable study. Consent None. Source funding Author contribution M.I.H.M.: review editing. F.H.K.: P.B.: M.A.I.: original article writing. All authors read approved final version manuscript. Conflict interests disclosures declare they no financial conflict interest regard content report. Research registration unique identifying (UIN) Guarantor Md. Aminul Islam.

Language: Английский

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