The neural and computational systems of social learning

Nature reviews. Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(4), P. 197 - 212

Published: March 12, 2020

Language: Английский

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Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD

Neuropsychopharmacology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 47(1), P. 247 - 259

Published: Sept. 20, 2021

Abstract Posttraumatic stress disorder can be viewed as a of fear dysregulation. An abundance research suggests that the prefrontal cortex is central to processing—that is, how fears are acquired and strategies regulate or diminish responses. The current review covers foundational on threat acquisition extinction in nonhuman animals, healthy humans, patients with posttraumatic disorder, through lens involvement these processes. Research harnessing advances technology further probe role processes, such use optogenetics rodents brain stimulation will highlighted, well other regulation approaches relevant treatment involve cortex, namely cognitive avoidance/active coping. Despite large body translational research, many questions remain unanswered remains difficult treat. We conclude by outlining future directions related processing implications for disorder.

Language: Английский

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Neural Correlates of Verbal Working Memory: An fMRI Meta-Analysis

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: June 12, 2019

Verbal Working memory (vWM) capacity measures the ability to maintain and manipulate verbal information for a short period of time. The specific neural correlates this construct are still matter debate. aim study was conduct coordinate-based meta-analysis 42 fMRI studies on visual vWM in healthy subjects (n = 795, males 459, females 325, unknown 11; age range: 18-75). were obtained after an exhaustive literature search PubMed, Scopus, Web Science, Brainmap database. We analyzed regional activation differences during tasks with anisotropic effect-size version seed-based d mapping software (ES-SDM). results further validated by performing jackknife sensitivity analyses heterogeneity analyses. investigated effect numerous relevant influencing factors fitting corresponding linear regression models. isolated consistent network containing fronto-parietal areas, right cerebellum, basal ganglia structures. Regarding lateralization, pointed toward bilateral frontal activation, left-lateralization parietal regions right-lateralization indicating that left-hemisphere concept should be reconsidered. also important response inhibition, emphasizing role attentional control vWM. Moreover, we found significant influence mean reaction time, load, associated Activation left medial gyrus, precentral gyrus turned out positively time whereas load across PFC, fusiform cortex, parts cerebellum. In latter case mainly detectable both hemispheres became manifest predominantly hemisphere. This led us conclude future take these into consideration.

Language: Английский

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The Role of Gut Bacterial Metabolites in Brain Development, Aging and Disease

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(3), P. 732 - 732

Published: Feb. 25, 2021

In the last decade, emerging evidence has reported correlations between gut microbiome and human health disease, including those affecting brain. We performed a systematic assessment of available literature focusing on bacterial metabolites their associations with diseases central nervous system (CNS). The short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as well non-SCFAs like amino acid (AAMs) amyloids are described in particular. found significantly altered SCFA levels patients autism spectrum disorder (ASD), affective disorders, multiple sclerosis (MS) Parkinson’s disease (PD). Non-SCFAs yielded less distinct changes faecal healthy controls, majority findings were derived from urinary blood samples. Preclinical studies have implicated different potentially beneficial detrimental mechanisms brain diseases. Examples include immunomodulation catecholamine production by histone deacetylase inhibition, anti-inflammatory effects through activity aryl hydrocarbon receptor involvement protein misfolding. Overall, our highlight existence across various diseases, potential neuroactive which gut-derived SCFAs, p-cresol, indole derivatives could impact development progression. summarized this review lead to further insights into gut–brain–axis thus diagnostic, therapeutic or preventive strategies

Language: Английский

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Borderline personality disorder: a comprehensive review of diagnosis and clinical presentation, etiology, treatment, and current controversies

World Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 23(1), P. 4 - 25

Published: Jan. 12, 2024

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) was introduced in the DSM‐III 1980. From to DSM‐5, no major changes have occurred its defining criteria. The is characterized by instability of self‐image, interpersonal relationships and affects. Further symptoms include impulsivity, intense anger, feelings emptiness, strong abandonment fears, suicidal or self‐mutilation behavior, transient stress‐related paranoid ideation severe dissociative symptoms. There evidence that BPD can be reliably diagnosed differentiated from other mental disorders semi‐structured interviews. associated with considerable functional impairment, intensive treatment utilization, high societal costs. risk suicide high. In general adult population, lifetime prevalence has been reported 0.7 2.7%, while about 12% outpatient 22% inpatient psychiatric services. significantly disorders, including depressive substance use post‐traumatic stress disorder, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity bipolar bulimia nervosa, disorders. convincing suggest interaction between genetic factors adverse childhood experiences plays a central role etiology BPD. spite research, neurobiological underpinnings remain clarified. Psychotherapy choice for Various approaches empirically supported randomized controlled trials, dialectical behavior therapy, mentalization‐based transference‐focused schema therapy. No approach proved superior others. Compared as usual, psychotherapy more efficacious, effect sizes 0.50 0.65 regard core symptom severity. However, almost half patients do not respond sufficiently psychotherapy, further research this area warranted. It clear whether some may benefit one psychotherapeutic than available consistently showing any psychoactive medication efficacious features For discrete comorbid anxiety psychotic‐like features, pharmacotherapy useful. Early diagnosis reduce individual suffering high‐quality studies are required, both adolescents adults. This review provides comprehensive update clinical characterization, factors, neurobiology, cognition, management. also discusses current controversies concerning highlights areas which needed.

Language: Английский

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Understanding anxiety symptoms as aberrant defensive responding along the threat imminence continuum

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 152, P. 105305 - 105305

Published: July 5, 2023

Language: Английский

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Regulating emotion through distancing: A taxonomy, neurocognitive model, and supporting meta-analysis

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 96, P. 155 - 173

Published: Nov. 28, 2018

Language: Английский

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Sex differences in fear extinction

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 103, P. 81 - 108

Published: May 23, 2019

Language: Английский

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Neural signatures of conditioning, extinction learning, and extinction recall in posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies

Psychological Medicine, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 50(9), P. 1442 - 1451

Published: July 1, 2019

Establishing neurobiological markers of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is essential to aid in diagnosis and treatment development. Fear processing deficits are central PTSD, their neural signatures may be used as such markers.Here, we conducted a meta-analysis seven Pavlovian fear conditioning fMRI studies comparing 156 patients with PTSD 148 trauma-exposed healthy controls (TEHC) using seed-based d-mapping, contrast correlates experimental phases, namely conditioning, extinction learning, recall.Patients compared TEHCs, exhibited increased activation the anterior hippocampus (extending amygdala) medial prefrontal cortex during conditioning; hippocampus-amygdala regions learning; areas recall. Yet, have shown an overall decreased thalamus all phases this meta-analysis.Findings from metanalysis suggest that characterized by related salience threat, lower thalamus, key relay hub between subcortical areas. If replicated, these network alterations serve objective diagnostic for potential targets novel development, including pharmacological brain stimulation interventions. Future longitudinal needed examine whether observed alteration cause or consequence PTSD.

Language: Английский

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Role of Human Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Learning and Recall of Enhanced Extinction

Journal of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 39(17), P. 3264 - 3276

Published: Feb. 19, 2019

Standard fear extinction relies on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) to form a new memory given omission of threat. Using fMRI in humans, we investigated whether replacing threat with novel neutral outcomes (instead just omitting threat) facilitates by engaging vmPFC more effectively than standard extinction. Computational modeling associability (indexing surprise strength and dynamically modulating learning rates) characterized skin conductance responses activity during novelty-facilitated but not Subjects who showed faster within-session updating also expressed better retention next day, as through responses. Finally, separable patterns connectivity between amygdala ventral versus dorsal mPFC retrieval memories, respectively. These results indicate that stimulates involvement trials, leading durable long-term memory. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Psychiatric disorders be excessive are major public health concern. Popular clinical treatments, such exposure therapy, informed principles Pavlovian Thus, there is motivation optimize strategies laboratory so ultimately develop effective treatments. Here, used functional neuroimaging humans found (rather omitting) expected aversive events engages learning. Enhanced diminished threat-related networks (e.g., insula, thalamus) immediate 24 h test. This evidence for how behavioral protocols designed enhance affects neurocircuitry underlying memories.

Language: Английский

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