The neuropsychopharmacology of cannabis: A review of human imaging studies

Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 195, P. 132 - 161

Published: Oct. 20, 2018

The laws governing cannabis are evolving worldwide and associated with changing patterns of use. main psychoactive drug in is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a partial agonist at the endocannabinoid CB1 receptor. Acutely, THC produce range effects on several neurocognitive pharmacological systems. These include executive, emotional, reward memory processing via direct interactions system indirect glutamatergic, GABAergic dopaminergic Cannabidiol, non-intoxicating cannabinoid found some forms cannabis, may offset these acute effects. Heavy repeated use, particularly during adolescence, has been adverse systems, which increase risk mental illnesses including addiction psychosis. Here, we provide comprehensive state art review chronic neuropsychopharmacology by synthesizing available neuroimaging research humans. We describe exposure development, implications for understanding psychosis use disorder, methodological considerations. Greater precise mechanisms underlying also give rise to new treatment targets.

Language: Английский

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Cannabis and the Developing Brain: Insights into Its Long-Lasting Effects

Journal of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 39(42), P. 8250 - 8258

Published: Oct. 16, 2019

The recent shift in sociopolitical debates and growing liberalization of cannabis use across the globe has raised concern regarding its impact on vulnerable populations, such as pregnant women adolescents. Epidemiological studies have long demonstrated a relationship between developmental exposure later mental health symptoms. This is especially strong people with particular genetic polymorphisms, suggesting that interacts genotype to increase risk. Seminal animal research directly linked prenatal adolescent delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, major psychoactive component cannabis, protracted effects adult neural systems relevant psychiatric substance disorders. In this article, we discuss some advances understanding long-term molecular, epigenetic, electrophysiological, behavioral consequences prenatal, perinatal, cannabis/delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Insights are provided from both human studies, including vivo neuroimaging strategies.

Language: Английский

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Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines (LRCUG) for reducing health harms from non-medical cannabis use: A comprehensive evidence and recommendations update

International Journal of Drug Policy, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 99, P. 103381 - 103381

Published: Aug. 28, 2021

Cannabis use is common, especially among young people, and associated with risks for various health harms. Some jurisdictions have recently moved to legalization/regulation pursuing public goals. Evidence-based 'Lower Risk Use Guidelines' (LRCUG) recommendations were previously developed reduce modifiable risk factors of cannabis-related adverse outcomes; related evidence has evolved substantially since. We aimed review new scientific develop comprehensively up-to-date LRCUG, including their recommendations, on this basis. Targeted searches literature (since 2016) main outcomes by the user-individual conducted. Topical areas informed previous LRCUG content expanded upon current evidence. Searches preferentially focused systematic reviews, supplemented key individual studies. The results evidence-graded, topically organized narratively summarized; through an iterative expert consensus development process. A substantial body cannabis use-related harms identified varying quality. Twelve substantive recommendation clusters three precautionary statements developed. In general, suggests that individuals can if they delay onset until after adolescence, avoid high-potency (THC) products high-frequency/-intensity use, refrain from smoking-routes administration. While people are particularly vulnerable harms, other sub-groups (e.g., pregnant women, drivers, older adults, those co-morbidities) advised exercise particular caution risks. Legal/regulated should be used where possible. result in outcomes, mostly higher-risk use. Reducing help offer one targeted intervention component within a comprehensive approach They require effective audience-tailoring dissemination, regular updating as become available, evaluated impact.

Language: Английский

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Balancing risks and benefits of cannabis use: umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and observational studies

BMJ, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. e072348 - e072348

Published: Aug. 30, 2023

Objective To systematically assess credibility and certainty of associations between cannabis, cannabinoids, cannabis based medicines human health, from observational studies randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Design Umbrella review. Data sources PubMed, PsychInfo, Embase, up to 9 February 2022. Eligibility criteria for selecting Systematic reviews with meta-analyses RCTs that have reported on the efficacy safety or were included. Credibility was graded according convincing, highly suggestive, weak, not significant (observational evidence), by GRADE (Grading Recommendations, Assessment, Development Evaluations) Quality assessed AMSTAR 2 (A Measurement Tool Assess Reviews 2). Sensitivity analyses conducted. Results 101 included (observational=50, RCTs=51) (AMSTAR high 33, moderate 31, low 32, critically 5). From supported certainty, increased adverse events related central nervous system (equivalent odds ratio 2.84 (95% confidence interval 2.16 3.73)), psychological effects (3.07 (1.79 5.26)), vision (3.00 5.03)) in people mixed conditions (GRADE=high), improved nausea/vomit, pain, spasticity, but psychiatric, gastrointestinal events, somnolence among others (GRADE=moderate). Cannabidiol 50% reduction seizures (0.59 (0.38 0.92)) seizure (0.36 0.96)) pneumonia, For chronic cannabinoids reduced pain 30% (0.37 0.93), GRADE=high), across different (n=7), distress. epilepsy, cannabidiol risk diarrhoea (2.25 (1.33 3.81)), had no effect sleep disruption populations measures global impression (n=2), quality life, In general population, worsened positive psychotic symptoms (5.21 (3.36 8.01)) total psychiatric (7.49 (5.31 10.42)) negative symptoms, cognition (n=11) healthy people, threshold (0.74 0.91)), unpleasantness (0.60 (0.41 0.88)) (GRADE=high). inflammatory bowel disease, life (0.34 (0.22 0.53) multiple sclerosis, dizziness, dry mouth, nausea, cancer, disruption, (n=2) Cannabis medicines, resulted poor tolerability various Evidence convincing (main sensitivity analyses) pregnant women, small gestational age (1.61 (1.41 1.83)), birth weight (1.43 (1.27 1.62)); drivers, car crash (1.21 1.34)); psychosis (1.71 (1.47 2.00)). Harmful noted additional neonatal outcomes, outcomes crash, population including suicide attempt, depression, mania, impaired users (all suggestive suggestive). Conclusions Convincing converging evidence supports avoidance during adolescence early adulthood, prone mental health disorders, pregnancy before while driving. is effective epilepsy. are palliative medicine without events. Study registration PROSPERO CRD42018093045. Funding None.

Language: Английский

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Brain Function Outcomes of Recent and Lifetime Cannabis Use

JAMA Network Open, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 8(1), P. e2457069 - e2457069

Published: Jan. 28, 2025

Importance Cannabis use has increased globally, but its effects on brain function are not fully known, highlighting the need to better determine recent and long-term activation outcomes of cannabis use. Objective To examine association lifetime history heavy with across a range functions in large sample young adults US. Design, Setting, Participants This cross-sectional study used data (2017 release) from Human Connectome Project (collected between August 2012 2015). Young (aged 22-36 years) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), urine toxicology, were included analysis. Data analyzed January 31 July 30, 2024. Exposures History was assessed using Semi-Structured Assessment for Genetics Alcoholism, variables diagnosis dependence. Individuals grouped as users if they had greater than 1000 uses, moderate 10 999 nonusers fewer uses. provided samples day scanning assess Diagnosis dependence (per Diagnostic Statistical Manual Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria) also included. Main Outcomes Measures Brain during each 7 tasks administered functional MRI session (working memory, reward, emotion, language, motor, relational assessment, theory mind). Mean regions associated primary contrast task used. The analysis linear mixed-effects regression model (one per task) examining mean value. Results comprised 1003 (mean [SD] age, 28.7 [3.7] years; 470 men [46.9%] 533 women [53.1%]). A total 63 participants Asian (6.3%), 137 Black (13.7%), 762 White (76.0%). For criteria, 88 (8.8%) classified users, 179 (17.8%) 736 (73.4%) nonusers. Heavy (Cohen d = −0.28 [95% CI, −0.50 −0.06]; false discovery rate corrected P .02) lower working memory task. Regions anterior insula, medial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral cortex. Recent poorer performance motor tasks, associations did survive correction. No other use, or diagnosis. Conclusions Relevance In this adults, These findings identify negative healthy that may be long lasting.

Language: Английский

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Cannabis use and the development of tolerance: a systematic review of human evidence

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 93, P. 1 - 25

Published: July 26, 2018

Language: Английский

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Adolescent cannabis use, cognition, brain health and educational outcomes: A review of the evidence

European Neuropsychopharmacology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 36, P. 169 - 180

Published: April 5, 2020

Language: Английский

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Age-related differences in the impact of cannabis use on the brain and cognition: a systematic review

European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 269(1), P. 37 - 58

Published: Jan. 24, 2019

The impact of cannabis on the adolescent compared to adult brain is interest researchers and society alike. From a theoretical perspective, adolescence represents period both risk resilience harms use disorders. aim this systematic review provide critical examination moderating role age relationship between cognition. To end, we reviewed human animal studies that formally tested whether age, or adult, changes exposure cognitive outcomes. While results do not offer conclusive answer novel question, along with inclusion work, has allowed for formation new hypotheses be addressed in future work. First, general executive functioning seems more impaired frequent users users. Second, age-effects may most prominent among very heavy dependent Third, craving inhibitory control decrease as much post-intoxication adolescents adults. Lastly, adolescents' vulnerability reduced learning following persist after sustained abstinence. If these prove correct, it could lead important developments policy prevention efforts.

Language: Английский

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Adolescent Substance Use Disorder Treatment: an Update on Evidence-Based Strategies

Current Psychiatry Reports, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 21(10)

Published: Sept. 14, 2019

Language: Английский

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THC and CBD: Villain versus Hero? Insights into Adolescent Exposure

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(6), P. 5251 - 5251

Published: March 9, 2023

Cannabis is the most used drug of abuse worldwide. It well established that abundant phytocannabinoids in this plant are Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). These two compounds have remarkably similar chemical structures yet vastly different effects brain. By binding to same receptors, THC psychoactive, while CBD has anxiolytic antipsychotic properties. Lately, a variety hemp-based products, including THC, become widely available food health industry, medical recreational use cannabis been legalized many states/countries. As result, people, youths, consuming because it considered “safe”. An extensive literature exists evaluating harmful both adults adolescents, but little known about long-term exposure, especially adolescence. The aim review collect preclinical clinical evidence cannabidiol.

Language: Английский

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