World Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
24(2), P. 175 - 189
Published: May 15, 2025
Bipolar
II
disorder
(BD‐II)
is
currently
identified
by
both
the
DSM‐5
and
ICD‐11
as
a
distinct
subtype
of
bipolar
disorder,
defined
at
least
one
depressive
episode
hypomanic
episode,
with
no
history
mania.
Despite
its
prevalence
impact,
literature
on
BD‐II
remains
relatively
sparse.
This
paper
provides
comprehensive
overview
available
research
current
debate
including
diagnostic
criteria,
clinical
presentations,
comorbidities,
epidemiology,
risk
factors,
treatment
strategies.
Patients
often
present
recurrent
episodes,
which
outnumber
episodes
ratio
39:1.
The
condition
therefore
misdiagnosed
major
treated
antidepressant
monotherapy,
may
worsen
prognosis.
recognition
further
complicated
overlap
symptoms
other
disorders,
in
particular
borderline
personality
disorder.
Although
perceived
less
severe
form
evidence
suggests
significant
functional
cognitive
impairment,
accompanied
an
elevated
suicidal
behavior,
rate
completed
suicide
equivalent
to
that
observed
I
(BD‐I).
Psychiatric
anxiety
substance
use
are
common.
associated
high
numerous
physical
particularly
comorbid
cardiovascular
diseases.
Various
genetic
environmental
factors
have
been
identified.
Inflammation,
circadian
rhythm
dysregulation
mitochondrial
dysfunction
being
studied
potential
pathophysiological
mechanisms.
Current
guidelines,
extrapolated
from
BD‐I
depression
research,
not
fully
address
unique
aspects
BD‐II.
Nevertheless,
substantial
supports
value
some
pharmacological
treatments
–
primarily
mood
stabilizers
atypical
antipsychotics
augmented
psychoeducation,
behavioral
or
interpersonal
social
therapy,
lifestyle
interventions.
Further
should
be
priority,
order
refine
identify
potentially
modifiable
develop
targeted
Molecular Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
28(7), P. 2645 - 2673
Published: Jan. 27, 2023
Abstract
Bipolar
disorders
(BD)
represent
a
severe
leading
disabling
mental
condition
worldwide
characterized
by
episodic
and
often
progressive
mood
fluctuations
with
manic
depressive
stages.
The
biological
mechanisms
underlying
the
pathophysiology
of
BD
remain
incompletely
understood,
but
it
seems
that
there
is
complex
picture
genetic
environmental
factors
implicated.
Nowadays,
gut
microbiota
in
spotlight
new
research
related
to
this
kind
psychiatric
disorder,
as
can
be
consistently
several
pathophysiological
events
observed
BD.
In
context
so-called
microbiota–gut–brain
(MGB)
axis,
shown
have
strong
influence
on
host
neuromodulation
endocrine
functions
(i.e.,
controlling
synthesis
neurotransmitters
like
serotonin
or
mediating
activation
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
axis),
well
modulation
immune
responses,
critically
regulating
intestinal,
systemic
brain
inflammation
(neuroinflammation).
present
review
aims
elucidate
derived
from
MGB
axis
disruption
possible
therapeutic
approaches
mainly
focusing
network
Understanding
its
bidirectional
communication
other
systems
shed
light
discovery
therapies
for
improving
clinical
management
these
patients.
Besides,
effect
drugs
currently
used
patients,
together
therapeutical
targeting
ecosystem
(dietary
patterns,
probiotics,
prebiotics,
novelties)
will
also
contemplated.
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
15(1)
Published: Feb. 28, 2024
Abstract
The
design
of
human
model
systems
is
highly
relevant
to
unveil
the
underlying
mechanisms
aging
and
provide
insights
on
potential
interventions
extend
health
life
span.
In
this
perspective,
we
explore
2D
or
3D
culture
models
comprising
induced
pluripotent
stem
cells
transdifferentiated
obtained
from
aged
age-related
disorder-affected
donors
enhance
our
understanding
catalyze
discovery
anti-aging
interventions.
Frontiers in Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
12
Published: July 6, 2021
Mitochondria
are
cellular
organelles
involved
in
several
biological
processes,
especially
energy
production.
Several
studies
have
found
a
relationship
between
mitochondrial
dysfunction
and
mood
disorders,
such
as
major
depressive
disorder
bipolar
disorder.
Impairments
production
these
disorders
together
with
higher
levels
of
oxidative
stress.
Recently,
many
agents
capable
enhancing
antioxidant
defenses
or
functioning
been
studied
for
the
treatment
adjuvant
therapy
to
current
pharmacological
treatments.
A
better
knowledge
physiology
pathophysiology
might
allow
identification
new
therapeutic
targets
development
study
novel
effective
therapies
treat
specific
impairments.
This
could
be
beneficial
treatment-resistant
patients.
In
this
article,
we
provide
focused
narrative
review
currently
available
evidence
supporting
involvement
effects
on
functions,
targeted
acting
pathways
that
useful
disorders.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
23(3), P. 1844 - 1844
Published: Feb. 6, 2022
Bipolar
disorder
(BD)
is
characterized
by
mood
changes,
including
recurrent
manic,
hypomanic,
and
depressive
episodes,
which
may
involve
mixed
symptoms.
Despite
the
progress
in
neurobiological
research,
pathophysiology
of
BD
has
not
been
extensively
described
to
date.
Progress
understanding
neurobiology
driving
could
help
facilitate
discovery
therapeutic
targets
biomarkers
for
its
early
detection.
Oxidative
stress
(OS),
damages
biomolecules
causes
mitochondrial
dopamine
system
dysfunctions,
a
persistent
finding
patients
with
BD.
Inflammation
immune
dysfunction
might
also
play
role
pathophysiology.
Specific
nutrient
supplements
(nutraceuticals)
target
pathways
suggested
be
perturbed
BD,
such
as
inflammation,
dysfunction,
OS.
Consequently,
nutraceuticals
used
adjunctive
treatment
This
paper
summarizes
possible
roles
OS,
dysregulation
onset
It
then
discusses
OS-mitigating
strategies
that
serve
interventions
analyzes
relationship
between
diet
well
use
nutritional
In
addition,
it
addresses
lithium
therapy;
novel
antipsychotic
agents,
clozapine,
olanzapine,
risperidone,
cariprazine,
quetiapine;
anti-inflammatory
agents
treat
Furthermore,
reviews
efficacy
most
therapies
cognitive–behavioral
therapy,
bright
light
imagery-focused
cognitive
electroconvulsive
therapy.
A
better
inflammation
pathogenesis
bipolar
disorder,
along
stronger
elucidation
functions
antioxidants,
antipsychotics,
therapies,
lead
improved
prevention
disorder.
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
145(1), P. 42 - 55
Published: Sept. 12, 2021
To
evaluate
whether
accelerated
brain
aging
occurs
in
individuals
with
mood
or
psychotic
disorders.A
systematic
review
following
PRISMA
guidelines
was
conducted.
A
meta-analysis
then
performed
to
assess
neuroimaging-derived
age
gap
three
independent
groups:
(1)
schizophrenia
and
first-episode
psychosis,
(2)
major
depressive
disorder,
(3)
bipolar
disorder.A
total
of
18
papers
were
included.
The
random-effects
model
showed
a
significantly
increased
relative
age-matched
controls
for
the
psychiatric
disorders,
(3.08;
95%CI
[2.32;
3.85];
p
<
0.01)
presenting
largest
effect,
followed
by
disorder
(1.93;
[0.53;
3.34];
(1.12;
[0.41;
1.83];
0.01).
larger
older
compared
younger
individuals.Individuals
disorders
may
undergo
process
reflected
patterns
captured
neuroimaging
data.
tends
be
more
pronounced
individuals,
indicating
possible
cumulative
biological
effect
illness
burden.
Aging and Disease,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
12(2), P. 552 - 552
Published: Jan. 1, 2021
Ischemic
heart
disease
(IHD)
is
defined
as
a
syndrome
of
ischemic
cardiomyopathy.
Myogenesis
and
angiogenesis
in
the
myocardium
are
important
for
cardiomyocyte
(CM)
survival,
improving
cardiac
function
decreasing
progression
failure
after
IHD.
Cellular
senescence
state
permanent
irreversible
cell
cycle
arrest
caused
by
stress
that
results
decline
cellular
functions,
such
proliferation,
migration,
homing,
differentiation.
In
addition,
senescent
cells
produce
senescence-associated
secretory
phenotype
(SASP),
which
affects
tissue
microenvironment
surrounding
secreting
proinflammatory
cytokines,
chemokines,
growth
factors,
extracellular
matrix
degradation
proteins.
The
accumulation
cardiovascular-related
cells,
including
vascular
endothelial
(VECs),
smooth
muscle
(VSMCs),
CMs
progenitor
an
risk
factor
cardiovascular
diseases,
aging,
atherosclerotic
plaque
formation,
myocardial
infarction
(MI)
ventricular
remodeling.
This
review
summarizes
processes
angiogenesis,
myogenesis
this
focuses
on
relationship
between
mechanism
senescence.
Finally,
we
discuss
potential
therapeutic
strategy
MI
targeting
cells.
JAMA Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
79(9), P. 920 - 920
Published: Aug. 3, 2022
Nucleic
acid
damage
from
oxidative
stress
(NA-OXS)
may
be
a
molecular
mechanism
driving
the
severely
increased
morbidity
and
mortality
somatic
causes
in
adults
with
psychiatric
disorders.To
systematically
retrieve
analyze
data
on
NA-OXS
across
disorder
diagnostic
spectrum.The
PubMed,
Embase,
PsycINFO
databases
were
searched
inception
to
November
16,
2021.
A
hand
search
of
reference
lists
relevant
articles
was
also
performed.Key
study
inclusion
criteria
this
meta-analysis
as
follows:
adult
human
population,
measurement
any
marker
DNA
or
RNA
stress,
either
(1)
cross-sectional
design
comparing
patients
disorders
(any
diagnosis)
control
group
(2)
prospective
intervention.
Two
authors
screened
studies,
2
senior
read
full
assessed
them
for
eligibility.The
Preferred
Reporting
Items
Systematic
Reviews
Meta-analyses
(PRISMA)
guidelines
followed.
performed
extraction
independently,
coauthor
consulted
cases
disagreement.
Data
synthesized
random-effects
multilevel
meta-analyses.The
predefined
hypothesis
that
individuals
have
levels.
The
main
outcome
standardized
mean
differences
(SMDs)
among
controls
nucleic
oxidation
markers
compared
groups.
Analyses
divided
into
combinations
biological
matrices
acids.Eighty-two
studies
fulfilled
criteria,
comprising
205
patient
vs
comparisons
total
10
151
532
observations.
Overall,
showed
had
higher
levels
molecules.
Pooled
effect
sizes
ranged
moderate
urinary
(SMD
=
0.44
[95%
CI,
0.20-0.68];
P
<
.001)
very
large
blood
cell
1.12
0.69-1.55;
.001).
Higher
observed
dementias
followed
by
psychotic
bipolar
disorders.
Sensitivity
analyses
excluding
low-quality
did
not
materially
alter
results.
Intervention
few
too
heterogenous
meaningful
meta-analysis.The
results
suggest
there
is
an
association
spectrum.
play
role
