Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
98(4), P. 2225 - 2286
Published: Aug. 15, 2018
The
physiological
stress
response
is
responsible
for
the
maintenance
of
homeostasis
in
presence
real
or
perceived
challenges.
In
this
function,
brain
activates
adaptive
responses
that
involve
numerous
neural
circuits
and
effector
molecules
to
adapt
current
future
demands.
A
maladaptive
has
been
linked
etiology
a
variety
disorders,
such
as
anxiety
mood
eating
metabolic
syndrome.
neuropeptide
corticotropin-releasing
factor
(CRF)
its
relatives,
urocortins
1–3,
concert
with
their
receptors
(CRFR1,
CRFR2),
have
emerged
central
components
response.
This
peptidergic
system
impinges
on
broad
spectrum
processes
are
basis
successful
adaptation
concomitantly
integrate
autonomic,
neuroendocrine,
behavioral
responses.
review
focuses
physiology
CRF-related
peptides
cognate
aim
providing
comprehensive
up-to-date
overview
field.
We
describe
major
molecular
features
covering
aspects
gene
expression
regulation,
structural
properties,
interactions,
well
mechanisms
signal
transduction
surveillance.
addition,
we
discuss
large
body
published
experimental
studies
focusing
state-of-the-art
genetic
approaches
high
temporal
spatial
precision,
which
collectively
aimed
dissect
contribution
ligands
different
levels
controversies
field
unravel
knowledge
gaps
might
pave
way
research
directions
open
up
novel
opportunities
therapeutic
intervention.
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
12
Published: July 3, 2018
Stress
is
recognized
as
an
important
issue
in
basic
and
clinical
neuroscience
research,
based
upon
the
founding
historical
studies
by
Walter
Canon
Hans
Selye
past
century,
when
concept
of
stress
emerged
a
biological
adaptive
perspective.
A
lot
research
after
that
period
has
expanded
knowledge
field.
Since
then,
it
was
discovered
response
to
stressful
stimuli
elaborated
triggered
the,
now
known,
system,
which
integrates
wide
diversity
brain
structures
that,
collectively,
are
able
detect
events
interpret
them
real
or
potential
threats.
However,
different
types
stressors
engage
networks,
requiring
fine-tuned
functional
neuroanatomical
processing.
This
integration
information
from
stressor
itself
may
result
rapid
activation
Sympathetic-Adreno-Medullar
(SAM)
axis
Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal
(HPA)
axis,
two
major
components
involved
response.
The
complexity
not
restricted
neuroanatomy
SAM
HPA
axes
mediators,
but
also
diverge
according
timing
duration
exposure,
well
its
short-
and/or
long-term
consequences.
identification
neuronal
circuits
stress,
their
interaction
with
mediator
molecules
over
time
critical,
only
for
understanding
physiological
responses,
understand
implications
on
mental
health.
Stress,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
21(5), P. 443 - 452
Published: Feb. 16, 2018
Stressful
experiences
are
linked
to
anxiety
disorders
in
humans.
Similar
effects
observed
rodent
models,
where
is
often
measured
classic
conflict
tests
such
as
the
open-field
test.
Spontaneous
rearing
behavior,
which
rodents
stand
on
their
hind
legs
explore,
can
also
be
this
test
yet
ignored.
We
define
two
forms
of
rearing,
supported
(in
animal
rears
against
walls
arena)
and
unsupported
without
contacting
arena).
Using
an
automated
test,
we
show
that
both
behaviors
appear
strongly
context
dependent
clear
sex
differences,
with
females
less
than
males.
sensitive
acute
stress,
reduced
under
more
averse
testing
conditions.
Repeated
handling
procedures
lead
changes
several
parameters
over
varying
sessions,
appears
rather
stable
within
a
given
animal.
Rearing
could
therefore
provide
additional
measure
relevant
for
behavioral
studies,
they
highly
may
used
repeated
designs.
Neurobiology of Stress,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
11, P. 100191 - 100191
Published: Aug. 13, 2019
Stress
and
anxiety
have
intertwined
behavioral
neural
underpinnings.
These
commonalities
are
critical
for
understanding
each
state,
as
well
their
mutual
interactions.
Grasping
the
mechanisms
underlying
this
bidirectional
relationship
will
major
clinical
implications
managing
a
wide
range
of
psychopathologies.
After
briefly
defining
key
concepts
study
stress
in
pre-clinical
models,
we
present
circuit,
cellular
molecular
involved
either
or
both
anxiety.
First,
review
studies
on
divergent
circuits
basolateral
amygdala
(BLA)
emotional
valence
processing
anxiety-like
behaviors,
how
norepinephrine
inputs
from
locus
coeruleus
(LC)
to
BLA
responsible
acute-stress
induced
We
then
describe
recent
revealing
new
role
mitochondrial
function
within
nucleus
accumbens
(NAc),
individual
trait
rodents,
participating
link
between
Next,
report
findings
impact
reward
encoding
through
alteration
circuit
dynamic
synchronicity.
Finally,
work
unravelling
hypothalamic
corticotropin-releasing
hormone
(CRH)
neurons
controlling
stress-induce
behaviors.
Altogether,
research
reviewed
here
reveals
sharing
subcortical
nodes
Understanding
overlap
these
two
psychobiological
states,
might
provide
alternative
strategies
manage
disorders
such
post-traumatic
disorder
(PTSD).
Neuron,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
87(5), P. 1063 - 1077
Published: Sept. 1, 2015
The
nucleus
accumbens
(NAc)
and
the
dynorphinergic
system
are
widely
implicated
in
motivated
behaviors.
Prior
studies
have
shown
that
activation
of
dynorphin-kappa
opioid
receptor
(KOR)
leads
to
aversive,
dysphoria-like
behavior.
However,
endogenous
sources
dynorphin
these
circuits
remain
unknown.
We
investigated
whether
neuronal
firing
NAc
is
sufficient
induce
aversive
found
photostimulation
cells
ventral
shell
elicits
robust
conditioned
real-time
behavior
via
KOR
activation,
contrast,
dorsal
induced
a
KOR-mediated
place
preference
was
positively
reinforcing.
These
results
show
previously
unknown
discrete
subregions
dynorphin-containing
selectively
drive
opposing
Understanding
regional
specificity
by
which
dynorphinerigic
regulate
aversion
provides
insight
into
behaviors
dysregulated
stress,
reward,
psychiatric
disease.
