BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
24(1)
Published: Jan. 2, 2024
Abstract
Background
Shikonin,
a
natural
naphthoquinone
compound
extracted
from
the
Chinese
traditional
herbal
medicine
“Lithospermum
erythrorhizon”,
possesses
antitumor
activity
against
various
cancer
types.
Tumor-suppressor
genes
(TSGs)
negatively
regulate
cell
growth,
proliferation,
and
differentiation,
thereby
inhibiting
tumor
formation.
However,
molecular
mechanism
of
action
shikonin
on
TSGs
in
non–small-cell
lung
(NSCLC)
remains
unclear.
Methods
The
inhibitory
effect
proliferation
migration
abilities
cells
were
measured
by
Cell
Counting
Kit
8
(CCK8)
wound
healing
assays.
alteration
treatment
was
detected
mRNA
high-throughput
sequencing
further
confirmed
qPCR
western
blotting
experiments.
dominant
functions
upregulated
analyzed
GO
KEGG
profiling.
Results
Shikonin
inhibited
A549
H1299
NSCLC
dose-dependent
manner.
revealed
total
1794
shikonin-treated
cells.
Moreover,
bioinformatic
analysis
profiling
that
up-regulated
mostly
involved
JNK/P38/MAPK
signaling
pathway,
among
which
expression
GADD45B
PPP3CC
significantly
enhanced.
Finally,
we
indeed
pathway.
Conclusions
Taken
together,
these
results
suggested
might
affect
through
therefore
exerting
an
To
our
knowledge,
this
is
first
study
reporting
role
upregulating
to
activate
pathways
NSCLC.
Frontiers in Pharmacology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
13
Published: July 1, 2022
Shikonin
and
its
derivatives,
isolated
from
traditional
medicinal
plant
species
of
the
genus
Lithospermum,
Alkanna,
Arnebia,
Anchusa,
Onosma,
Echium
belonging
to
Boraginaceae
family,
have
numerous
applications
in
foods,
cosmetics,
textiles.
Shikonin,
a
potent
bioactive
red
pigment,
has
been
used
systems
cure
various
ailments
is
well
known
for
diverse
pharmacological
potential
such
as
anticancer,
antithrombotic,
neuroprotective,
antidiabetic,
antiviral,
anti-inflammatory,
anti-gonadotropic,
antioxidants,
antimicrobial
insecticidal.
Herein,
updated
research
on
natural
sources,
pharmacology,
toxicity
studies,
patents
filed
worldwide
related
shikonin
approaches
shikonin’s
biogenic
chemical
synthesis
are
reviewed.
Furthermore,
recent
studies
establish
reliable
production
meet
market
demand,
functional
identification,
future
clinical
development
derivatives
against
diseases
presented.
International Journal of Nanomedicine,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
Volume 18, P. 1195 - 1218
Published: March 1, 2023
Abstract:
Malignant
tumor,
the
leading
cause
of
death
worldwide,
poses
a
serious
threat
to
human
health.
For
decades,
natural
product
has
been
proven
be
an
essential
source
for
novel
anticancer
drug
discovery.
Shikonin
(SHK),
molecule
separated
from
root
Lithospermum
erythrorhizon
,
shows
great
potential
in
therapy.
However,
its
further
clinical
application
is
significantly
restricted
by
poor
bioavailability,
adverse
effects,
and
non-selective
toxicity.
With
development
nanotechnology,
nano
delivery
systems
have
emerged
as
promising
strategies
improve
bioavailability
enhance
therapeutic
efficacy
drugs.
To
overcome
shortcoming
SHK,
various
such
liposomes,
polymeric
micelles,
nanoparticles,
nanogels,
nanoemulsions,
were
developed
achieve
efficient
enhanced
antitumor
effects.
Herein,
this
review
summarizes
pharmacological
activities
pharmacokinetics
SHK.
Additionally,
latest
progress
SHK
nanomedicines
cancer
therapy
outlined,
focusing
on
long
circulation,
tumor
targeting
ability,
microenvironment
responsive
release,
nanosystem-mediated
combination
Finally,
challenges
prospects
future
are
spotlighted.
Graphical
Keywords:
shikonin,
therapy,
pharmacokinetics,
nanomedicine,
Phytotherapy Research,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
38(2), P. 880 - 911
Published: Dec. 13, 2023
Abstract
Current
pharmaceutical
research
is
energetically
excavating
the
pharmacotherapeutic
role
of
herb‐derived
ingredients
in
multiple
malignancies’
targeting.
Luteolin
one
major
phytochemical
components
that
exist
various
traditional
Chinese
medicine
or
medical
herbs.
Mounting
evidence
reveals
this
phytoconstituent
endows
prominent
therapeutic
actions
on
diverse
malignancies,
with
underlying
mechanisms,
combined
medication
strategy,
and
pharmacokinetics
elusive.
Additionally,
clinical
trial
investigation
luteolin
remain
to
be
systematically
delineated.
The
present
review
aimed
comprehensively
summarize
updated
information
regard
anticancer
mechanism,
strategies,
pharmacokinetics,
trials,
researches
luteolin.
survey
corroborates
executes
effects
mainly
by
dampening
proliferation
invasion,
spurring
apoptosis,
intercepting
cell
cycle,
regulating
autophagy
immune,
inhibiting
inflammatory
response,
inducing
ferroptosis,
pyroptosis,
as
well
epigenetic
modification,
so
on.
can
applied
combination
numerous
anticarcinogens
natural
synergistically
enhance
efficacy
malignancies
while
reducing
adverse
reactions.
For
has
an
unfavorable
oral
bioavailability,
it
persists
plasma
glucuronides
sulfate‐conjugates
after
being
metabolized,
regarded
potent
inhibitors
OATP1B1
OATP2B1,
which
may
messed
pharmacokinetic
interactions
miscellaneous
bioactive
substances
vivo.
Besides,
innovation
leading‐edge
drug
delivery
systems
such
host–guest
complexes,
nanoparticles,
liposomes,
nanoemulsion,
microspheres,
hydrogels
are
beneficial
exploitation
luteolin‐based
products.
Moreover,
some
registered
trials
carried
out,
yet
should
continuously
promoted.
Materials,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
16(12), P. 4377 - 4377
Published: June 14, 2023
Shikonin
and
its
derivatives
are
the
natural
naphthoquinone
compounds
produced
in
roots
of
Boraginaceae
family.
These
red
pigments
have
been
used
for
a
long
time
coloring
silk,
as
food
colorants,
Chinese
traditional
system
medicines
The
resurgence
public
interest
plant-based
products
has
led
to
this
category
being
high
demand
due
their
wide
range
biological
activities
including
antioxidant,
antitumor,
antifungal,
anti-inflammatory
ones.
Different
researchers
worldwide
reported
various
applications
shikonin
area
pharmacology.
Nevertheless,
use
these
cosmetics
fields
needs
be
explored
more
order
make
them
available
commercial
utilization
industries
packaging
material
enhance
shelf
life
without
any
side
effects.
Similarly,
antioxidant
properties
skin
whitening
effects
bioactive
molecules
may
successfully
cosmetic
formulations.
present
review
delves
into
updated
knowledge
on
relation
cosmetics.
pharmacological
also
highlighted.
Based
studies,
it
can
concluded
that
potential
different
sectors,
functional
food,
additives,
skin,
health
care,
cure
diseases.
Further
research
is
required
sustainable
production
with
minimum
disturbances
environment
market
at
an
economic
price.
Simultaneous
studies
utilizing
recent
techniques
computational
biology,
bioinformatics,
molecular
docking,
artificial
intelligence
laboratory
clinical
trials
would
further
help
making
candidates
promising
alternative
therapeutics
multiple
uses.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(4), P. 2426 - 2426
Published: Feb. 19, 2024
Skin
microbiota,
such
as
acne-related
Cutibacterium
acnes,
Staphylococcus
aureus,
and
fungal
Candida
albicans,
can
form
polymicrobial
biofilms
with
greater
antimicrobial
tolerance
to
traditional
agents
host
immune
systems.
In
this
study,
the
phytopigment
shikonin
was
investigated
against
single-species
multispecies
under
aerobic
anaerobic
conditions.
Minimum
inhibitory
concentrations
of
were
10
µg/mL
C.
S.
at
1–5
µg/mL,
efficiently
inhibited
single
biofilm
formation
development
by
these
three
microbes.
Shikonin
increased
porphyrin
production
in
cell
aggregation
hyphal
decreased
lipase
production,
hydrophilicity
aureus.
addition,
5
or
repressed
transcription
various
biofilm-related
genes
virulence-related
acnes
downregulated
gene
expression
levels
quorum-sensing
agrA
RNAIII,
α-hemolysin
hla,
nuclease
nuc1
supporting
inhibition.
prevented
on
porcine
skin,
efficacy
recapitulated
a
mouse
infection
model,
which
it
promoted
skin
regeneration.
The
study
shows
that
inhibits
microbes
might
be
useful
for
controlling
bacterial
infections.
