Research Square (Research Square),
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Aug. 7, 2023
Abstract
Background:
There
are
marked
sex/gender
differences
in
the
prevalence
and
expression
of
neurodiversity.
Yet,
it
is
unclear
how
related
mechanisms
may
affect
symptoms.
In
present
study
we
test
whether
previously
reported
greater
male
than
female
variability
neuroanatomy
to
sex
X-linked
explain
behavioral
cognitive
variation
Method:
The
included
a
longitudinal
twin
(N=990
twins;
56%
monozygotic,
7-14
yo).
Results:
Greater
was
most
pronounced
structure
development
cortical
surface
area.
Twin
modeling
results
support
significant
role
X-chromosome
neuroanatomical
variation.
addition,
normative
analysis,
showed
that
deviations
brain
anatomy
were
associated
neurodiverse
behavior.
Conclusions:
These
findings
together
highlight
importance
studying
gender
linked
mental
illness
beyond
mean
group
modeling.
Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
104(1), P. 103 - 197
Published: Oct. 16, 2023
Alzheimer
disease
(AD)
is
associated
with
multiple
etiologies
and
pathological
mechanisms,
among
which
oxidative
stress
(OS)
appears
as
a
major
determinant.
Intriguingly,
OS
arises
in
various
pathways
regulating
brain
functions,
it
seems
to
link
different
hypotheses
mechanisms
of
AD
neuropathology
high
fidelity.
The
particularly
vulnerable
damage,
mainly
because
its
unique
lipid
composition,
resulting
an
amplified
cascade
redox
reactions
that
target
several
cellular
components/functions
ultimately
leading
neurodegeneration.
present
review
highlights
the
“OS
hypothesis
AD,”
including
amyloid
beta-peptide-associated
role
protein
oxidation
unraveled
by
proteomics,
antioxidant
strategies
have
been
investigated
modulate
progression
AD.
Collected
studies
from
our
groups
others
contributed
unraveling
close
relationships
between
perturbation
homeostasis
elucidating
redox-regulated
events
potentially
involved
both
pathogenesis
However,
complexity
requires
in-depth
understanding
intracellular
affecting
relevant
for
functions.
This
crucial
developing
pharmacological
targeting
OS-mediated
toxicity
may
contribute
slow
well
improve
quality
life
persons
this
severe
dementing
disorder.
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
15
Published: March 30, 2023
The
global
population
is
expected
to
have
about
131.5
million
people
living
with
Alzheimer’s
disease
(AD)
and
other
dementias
by
2050,
posing
a
severe
health
crisis.
Dementia
progressive
neurodegenerative
condition
that
gradually
impairs
physical
cognitive
functions.
has
variety
of
causes,
symptoms,
heterogeneity
concerning
the
influence
sex
on
prevalence,
risk
factors,
outcomes.
proportion
male-to-female
prevalence
varies
based
type
dementia.
Despite
some
types
dementia
being
more
common
in
men,
women
greater
lifetime
developing
AD
most
form
which
approximately
two-thirds
affected
persons
are
women.
Profound
gender
differences
physiology
pharmacokinetic
pharmacodynamic
interactions
increasingly
been
identified.
As
result,
new
approaches
diagnosis,
care,
patient
journeys
should
be
considered.
In
heart
rapidly
aging
worldwide
population,
Women’s
Brain
Project
(WBP)
was
born
from
necessity
address
gap
AD.
WBP
now
well-established
international
non-profit
organization
multidisciplinary
team
experts
studying
determinants
brain
mental
health.
works
different
stakeholders
help
change
perceptions
reduce
biases
clinical
preclinical
research
policy
frameworks.
With
its
strong
female
leadership,
an
example
importance
professionals’
work
field
research.
WBP-led
peer-reviewed
papers,
articles,
books,
lectures,
various
initiatives
advocacy
space
profoundly
impacted
community
driven
discussion.
initial
phases
establishing
world’s
first
Sex
Gender
Precision
Medicine
Institute.
This
review
highlights
contributions
aims
increase
awareness
potentially
important
aspects
basic
science,
outcomes,
digital
health,
framework
provide
potential
challenges
suggestions
leverage
differences.
Finally,
at
end
review,
we
briefly
touch
upon
our
progress
contribution
toward
inclusion
beyond
disease.
Nature Medicine,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
29(9), P. 2224 - 2232
Published: Aug. 31, 2023
Abstract
Most
complex
human
traits
differ
by
sex,
but
we
have
limited
insight
into
the
underlying
mechanisms.
Here,
investigated
influence
of
biological
sex
on
protein
expression
and
its
genetic
regulation
in
1,277
brain
proteomes.
We
found
that
13.2%
(1,354)
proteins
had
sex-differentiated
abundance
1.5%
(150)
sex-biased
quantitative
trait
loci
(sb-pQTLs).
Among
genes
with
expression,
67%
concordance
between
transcript
levels;
however,
effects
were
more
evident
at
level.
Considering
24
psychiatric,
neurologic
morphologic
traits,
an
average
25%
their
putatively
causal
12
sb-pQTLs.
Furthermore,
integrating
sex-specific
pQTLs
sex-stratified
genome-wide
association
studies
six
psychiatric
conditions,
uncovered
another
23
contributing
to
these
one
not
other.
Together,
findings
begin
provide
insights
mechanisms
differences
disease.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
24(7), P. 6492 - 6492
Published: March 30, 2023
Schizophrenia
is
a
severe
mental
disorder
with
chronic,
progressive
course.
The
etiology
of
this
condition
linked
to
the
interactions
multiple
genes
and
environmental
factors.
earlier
age
onset
schizophrenia,
higher
frequency
negative
symptoms
in
clinical
presentation,
poorer
response
antipsychotic
treatment
men
compared
women
suggests
involvement
sex
hormones
these
processes.
This
article
aims
draw
attention
possible
relationship
between
testosterone
some
features
male
schizophrenic
patients
discuss
complex
nature
phenomena
based
on
data
from
literature.
PubMed,
Web
Science,
Google
Scholar
databases
were
searched
select
papers
without
limiting
time
publications.
Hormone
levels
body
are
regulated
by
many
organs
systems,
take
place
through
neuroendocrine,
hormonal,
neural,
metabolic
pathways.
Sex
play
an
important
role
development
function
organism.
Besides
their
impact
secondary
characteristics,
they
influence
brain
function,
mood,
cognition.
In
altered
noted.
cases,
evidence
available
single
studies
gave
contradictory
results.
However,
it
seems
that
level
affected
schizophrenia
may
differ
depending
phase
disease,
types
symptoms,
administered
therapy.
disturbances
be
very
complex.
illness
(schizophrenia),
stress,
drug-induced
hyperprolactinemia,
influenced
by,
i.a.,
obesity,
substances
abuse
(e.g.,
ethanol),
or
liver
damage.
Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
4(2), P. 100283 - 100283
Published: Dec. 30, 2023
There
are
prominent
sex/gender
differences
in
the
prevalence,
expression
and
lifespan
course
of
mental
health
neurodiverse
conditions.
Yet
underlying
sex
gender
related
mechanisms
their
interactions
still
not
fully
understood.
This
lack
knowledge
has
harmful
consequences
for
those
suffering
from
problems.
Hence,
we
set
up
a
co-creation
session
one
week
workshop
with
multidisciplinary
team
25
researchers,
clinicians
policy
makers,
to
identify
main
barriers
research
neuroscience
health.
Based
on
this
work,
here
provide
recommendations
methodologies,
translational
stakeholder
involvement.
These
include
guidelines
recording,
reporting,
analysis
beyond
binary
groups,
open
science.
Improved
understanding
may
benefit
public
as
is
an
important
step
towards
precision
medicine
function
archetype
studying
diversity.
Cell Reports,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
43(6), P. 114278 - 114278
Published: May 24, 2024
Astrocytic
receptors
influence
cognitive
function
and
can
promote
behavioral
deficits
in
disease.
These
effects
may
vary
based
on
variables
such
as
biological
sex,
but
it
is
not
known
if
the
of
astrocytic
are
dependent
sex.
We
leveraged
vivo
gene
editing
chemogenetics
to
examine
roles
spatial
memory
other
processes.
show
that
reductions
metabotropic
glutamate
receptor
3
(mGluR3),
main
adults,
impair
females
enhance
males.
Similarly,
increases
mGluR3
levels
have
sex-dependent
females.
manipulations
also
alter
search
strategies
during
recall
a
sex-specific
manner.
In
addition,
acute
chemogenetic
stimulation
G
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
121(31)
Published: July 23, 2024
Some
mental
health
problems
such
as
depression
and
anxiety
are
more
common
in
females,
while
others
autism
attention
deficit/hyperactivity
(AD/H)
males.
However,
the
neurobiological
origins
of
these
sex
differences
poorly
understood.
Animal
studies
have
shown
substantial
neuronal
glial
cell
structure,
human
brain
imaging
only
small
differences,
which
largely
reflect
overall
body
size.
Advanced
diffusion
MRI
techniques
can
be
used
to
examine
intracellular,
extracellular,
free
water
signal
contributions
provide
unique
insights
into
microscopic
cellular
structure.
extent
exist
metrics
subcortical
gray
matter
structures
implicated
psychiatric
disorders
is
not
known.
Here,
we
show
large
sex-related
microstructure
regions,
including
hippocampus,
thalamus,
nucleus
accumbens
a
sample
young
adults.
Unlike
conventional
T1-weighted
structural
imaging,
remained
after
adjustment
for
age
volume.
Further,
thalamus
amygdala
were
associated
with
depression,
anxiety,
AD/H,
antisocial
personality
problems.
Diffusion
may
mechanistic
origin
behavior
over
life
course
help
bridge
gap
between
findings
from
experimental,
epidemiological,
clinical
research.
Communications Biology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
8(1)
Published: April 25, 2025
Abstract
The
influence
of
sex
chromosomes
and
hormones
on
early
human
brain
development
is
poorly
understood.
We
therefore
undertook
transcriptomic
analysis
46,XY
46,XX
cortex
samples
(
n
=
64)
at
four
different
time
points
between
7.5
17
weeks
post
conception
(wpc),
in
two
independent
studies.
This
developmental
period
encompasses
the
onset
testicular
testosterone
secretion
fetus
(8wpc).
show
differences
chromosome
gene
expression
including
X-inactivation
genes
XIST
,
TSIX
)
samples;
core
Y
18)
specific
genes,
PCDH11Y
RP11-424G14.1
.
(protocadherin11
Y-linked
regulates
excitatory
neurons;
this
unique
to
humans
implicated
language
development.
a
long
non-coding
RNA.
Fewer
hormone
pathway-related
are
seen.
androgen
receptor
AR
NR3C4)
shows
both
sexes,
which
decreases
with
age.
Global
cortical
effects
not
seen,
but
more
localized
mechanisms
may
be
important
(e.g.,
hypothalamus).
Taken
together,
our
data
suggest
that
limited
potentially
occur
during
fetal
