Per‐ and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Toxicity and Human Health Review: Current State of Knowledge and Strategies for Informing Future Research

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 40(3), P. 606 - 630

Published: Oct. 5, 2020

Reports of environmental and human health impacts per- polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have greatly increased in the peer-reviewed literature. The goals present review are to assess state science regarding toxicological effects PFAS develop strategies for advancing knowledge on this large family chemicals. Currently, much toxicity data available a handful chemicals, primarily legacy such as perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctane sulfonate. Epidemiological studies revealed associations between exposure specific variety effects, including altered immune thyroid function, liver disease, lipid insulin dysregulation, kidney adverse reproductive developmental outcomes, cancer. Concordance with experimental animal exists many these effects. However, information modes action outcome pathways must be expanded, profound differences toxicokinetic properties considered understanding responses sexes among species life stages. With noted relatively few example compounds hundreds other commerce lacking data, more contemporary high-throughput approaches read-across, molecular dynamics, protein modeling proposed accelerate development emerging PFAS, individually mixtures. In addition, an appropriate degree precaution, given what is already known from examples noted, may needed protect health. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:606-630. © 2020 SETAC.

Language: Английский

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PFAS Exposure Pathways for Humans and Wildlife: A Synthesis of Current Knowledge and Key Gaps in Understanding

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 40(3), P. 631 - 657

Published: Nov. 17, 2020

Abstract We synthesize current understanding of the magnitudes and methods for assessing human wildlife exposures to poly‐ perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Most exposure assessments have focused on 2 5 legacy PFAS, are typically limited targeted PFAS (up ~30 substances). However, shifts in chemical production occurring rapidly, detecting not kept pace with these changes. Total fluorine measurements complemented by suspect screening using high‐resolution mass spectrometry thus emerging as essential tools assessment. Such enable researchers better understand contributions from precursor compounds that degrade into terminal acids. Available data suggest diet is major pathway some but there large variability across populations compounds. Additional total media fraction unidentified organofluorine needed. Drinking water has been established source contaminated communities. As supplies remediated, general population, dust, personal care products, indoor environments, other sources may be more important. A challenge lack statistically representative population surveys. For wildlife, bioaccumulation processes differ substantially between neutral lipophilic organic compounds, prompting a reevaluation traditional metrics. There evidence both phospholipids proteins important tissue partitioning accumulation PFAS. New mechanistic models being developed will assist risk evaluations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:631–657. © 2020 SETAC

Language: Английский

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Raman Microspectroscopy Detection and Characterisation of Microplastics in Human Breastmilk

Polymers, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(13), P. 2700 - 2700

Published: June 30, 2022

The widespread use of plastics determines the inevitable human exposure to its by-products, including microplastics (MPs), which enter organism mainly by ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Once internalised, MPs may pass across cell membranes translocate different body sites, triggering specific cellular mechanisms. Hence, potential health impairment caused internalisation accumulation is prime concern, as confirmed numerous studies reporting evident toxic effects in various animal models, marine organisms, lines. In this pilot single-centre observational prospective study, breastmilk samples collected from N. 34 women were analysed Raman Microspectroscopy, and, for first time, MP contamination was found 26 out samples. detected microparticles classified according their shape, colour, dimensions, chemical composition. most abundant composed polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, with sizes ranging 2 12 µm. data statistically relation patients' (age, personal care products containing plastic compounds, consumption fish/shellfish, beverages, food packaging), but no significant relationship found, suggesting that ubiquitous presence makes inevitable.

Language: Английский

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Short-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic systems: Occurrence, impacts and treatment

Chemical Engineering Journal, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 380, P. 122506 - 122506

Published: Aug. 16, 2019

Language: Английский

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Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment

TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 121, P. 115410 - 115410

Published: Feb. 14, 2019

Numerous poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been manufactured distributed on the world market. Research PFAS has highlighted their global distribution impacts ecosystems human health. Following regulations public concern, production shifted toward novel molecules in recent years. New classes of identified environment are gaining worldwide attention. The development an efficient strategy for identification quantification emerging is essential risk assessment. This review presents discusses most analytical method air, water, abiotic solid matrices biological matrices, addresses non-target approaches. Various methods covered including sampling, pre-treatment (enrichment, extraction clean-up) instrumental analysis, applications, advantages, shortcomings future needs explored.

Language: Английский

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PFAS Molecules: A Major Concern for the Human Health and the Environment

Toxics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(2), P. 44 - 44

Published: Jan. 18, 2022

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of over 4700 heterogeneous compounds with amphipathic properties exceptional stability to chemical thermal degradation. The unique PFAS has been exploited for almost 60 years largely contributed their wide applicability vast range industrial, professional non-professional uses. However, increasing evidence indicate that these represent also serious concern both wildlife human health as result ubiquitous distribution, extreme persistence bioaccumulative potential. In light the adverse effects have already documented in biota populations or might occur absence prompt interventions, competent authorities matter environment protection, industries well scientists cooperating identify most appropriate regulatory measures, substitution plans remediation technologies mitigate impacts. this review, starting from chemistry, uses environmental fate, we summarize current knowledge on occurrence different media living organisms, particular emphasis humans. Also, describe present provisional legislative measures European Union framework strategy regulate manufacture, import use some promising treatment designed remediate contamination compartments.

Language: Английский

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Assessing the human health risks of perfluorooctane sulfonate by in vivo and in vitro studies

Environment International, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 126, P. 598 - 610

Published: March 8, 2019

The wide use of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has led to increasing concern about its human health risks over the past decade. In vivo and in vitro studies are important effective means ascertain toxic effects PFOS on humans mechanisms. This article systematically reviews based currently known facts found by from 2008 2018. Exposure caused hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity, thyroid disruption, cardiovascular pulmonary renal toxicity laboratory animals many systems. These results related epidemiological confirmed PFOS, especially for exposure via food drinking water. Oxidative stress physiological process disruption fatty acid similarity were widely studied mechanisms toxicity. Future research assessing is recommended chronic molecular mechanisms, application various omics, integration toxicological data.

Language: Английский

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Thyroid Disrupting Effects of Old and New Generation PFAS

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Jan. 19, 2021

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represent a group of synthetic compounds widely used in industry plants due to their low grade degradation, surfactant properties, thermic flame resistance. These characteristics are useful for the industrial production, however they also potentially dangerous human health environment. PFAS persistent pollutants accumulating waters soil recoverable foods release by food packaging. Humans daily exposed because these ubiquitous and, when assimilated, difficult be eliminated, persisting years both humans animals. Due persistence potential danger health, some old generation have been replaced newly synthesized with aim use alternative presumably safer Yet, environmental pollution remains matter concern worldwide led large-scale epidemiological studies on plants’ workers people general population. In this context, strong emerged concerning adverse effects thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones play critical role regulation metabolism, function is related cardiovascular disease, fertility, fetal neurodevelopment. vitro , ex vivo data, suggested that PFASs may disrupt hormone system humans, possible negative repercussions outcome pregnancy fetal-child development. However, data disrupting effect remain controversial, as well impact different ages life. Aim present paper review recent new homeostasis. To purpose we collected information from studies, animal models, workers, population, pregnant women.

Language: Английский

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Legacy and Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Analytical Techniques, Environmental Fate, and Health Effects

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(3), P. 995 - 995

Published: Jan. 20, 2021

Due to their unique chemical properties, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been used extensively as industrial surfactants processing aids. While several types of PFAS voluntarily phased out by manufacturers, these chemicals continue be ecological public health concern due persistence in the environment presence living organisms. Moreover, while compounds referred “legacy” remain environment, alternative emerged replacements for legacy predecessors are now detected numerous matrices. In this review, we discuss historical uses PFAS, recent advances analytical techniques analysis compounds, fate environment. addition, evaluate current biomonitoring studies human exposure emerging examine associations with impacts, including cancer- non-cancer-related outcomes. Special focus is given short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) ether-substituted, alternatives hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA; tradename GenX), 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic (DONA), 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroethersulfonic (6:2 Cl-PFESA; F-53B).

Language: Английский

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Emerging technologies for PFOS/PFOA degradation and removal: A review

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 827, P. 153669 - 153669

Published: Feb. 23, 2022

Language: Английский

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