Effects of hepatitis B virus infection and strategies for preventing mother-to-child transmission on maternal and fetal T-cell immunity

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Feb. 16, 2023

One of the most common routes chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Approximately 6.4 million children under age five have HBV infections worldwide. DNA high level, HBeAg positivity, placental barrier failure, and immaturity fetal immune are possible causes infection. The passive-active program for children, which consists vaccine immunoglobulin, antiviral therapy pregnant women who a load (greater than 2 × 105 IU/ml), currently two important ways to prevent from mother child. Unfortunately, some infants still infections. Some studies also found that supplementation during pregnancy can increase cytokine levels then affect level HBsAb in infants. For example, IL-4 mediate beneficial effect on infants' when maternal folic acid supplementation. In addition, new research has indicated may be linked unfavorable outcomes such as gestational diabetes mellitus, intrahepatic cholestasis pregnancy, premature rupture membranes. changes environment hepatotropic nature main reasons adverse outcomes. It interesting note after delivery, had spontaneously achieve seroconversion HBsAg seroclearance. T-cell immunity because adaptive responses, especially virus-specific CD8 largely responsible viral clearance disease pathogenesis Meanwhile, humoral responses durability protection vaccination. This article reviews literature immunological characteristics HBV-infected patients postpartum, blocking transmissions related mechanisms, hoping provide insights prevention MTCT intervention postpartum.

Language: Английский

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Mechanistic insights into the development of severe fetal growth restriction

Clinical Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 137(8), P. 679 - 695

Published: April 1, 2023

Abstract Fetal growth restriction (FGR), which most commonly results from suboptimal placental function, substantially increases risks for adverse perinatal and long-term outcomes. The only “treatment” that exists is delivery, averts stillbirth but does not improve outcomes in survivors. Furthermore, the potential consequences of FGR to fetus, including cardiometabolic disorders, predispose these individuals developing their future pregnancies. This creates a multi-generational cascade effects stemming single dysfunctional placenta, understanding mechanisms underlying placental-mediated critically important if we are overall health. behind remain unknown. However, insufficiency derived maldevelopment vascular systems common etiology. To highlight mechanistic interactions within focus on development setting FGR. We delve into fetoplacental angiogenesis, robust ongoing process normal pregnancies impaired severe review cellular models FGR, with special attention novel integrin-extracellular matrix regulate angiogenesis In total, this focuses key developmental processes, specific human an underexplored area research.

Language: Английский

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The role of placental insufficiency in spontaneous preterm birth: A literature review

European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 295, P. 136 - 142

Published: Feb. 11, 2024

Preterm Birth (delivery before 37 weeks of gestation) is the leading cause childhood mortality and also associated with significant morbidity both in neonatal period beyond. The aetiology spontaneous preterm birth unclear likely multifactorial incorporating factors such as infection/inflammation cervical injury. Placental insufficiency emerging an additional contributor to delivery; however, mechanisms by which this occurs are not fully understood. Serum biomarkers imaging techniques have been investigated potential predictors placental insufficiency, however none yet found a sufficient predictive value. This review examines evidence for role placenta birth, prelabour rupture membranes abruption well highlighting areas where further research required.

Language: Английский

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The Placental Role in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Molecular Perspective

touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 20(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

During pregnancy, women undergo several metabolic changes to guarantee an adequate supply of glucose the foetus. These modifications develop what is known as physiological insulin resistance. When this process altered, however, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occurs. GDM a multifactorial disease, and genetic environmental factors play crucial role in its aetiopathogenesis. has been linked both macroscopic molecular alterations placental tissues that affect physiology. This review summarizes placenta development from perspective, including hormonal pro-inflammatory changes. Inflammation imbalance, characteristics dominating microenvironment, are responsible for size vascularity, leading dysregulation maternal foetal circulations complications newborn. In conclusion, since mechanisms operating have not fully elucidated, more research should be done improve quality life patients with their future children.

Language: Английский

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Behind the Curtain of Abnormal Placentation in Pre-Eclampsia: From Molecular Mechanisms to Histological Hallmarks

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(14), P. 7886 - 7886

Published: July 18, 2024

Successful human pregnancy needs several highly controlled steps to guarantee an oocyte’s fertilization, the embryo’s pre-implantation development, and its subsequent implantation into uterine wall. The placenta development ensures adequate fetal nutrition oxygenation, with trophoblast being first cell lineage differentiate during this process. sustains growth of fetus by providing it oxygen nutrients removing waste products. It is not surprising that issues early can lead common disorders, such as recurrent miscarriage, restriction, pre-eclampsia, stillbirth. Understanding normal essential for recognizing contextualizing any pathological aberrations may occur. effects these become apparent until later in pregnancy, mid or advanced stages. This review discusses process embryo phase, molecular mechanisms involved, abnormalities those are thought contribute pre-eclampsia. also covers histological hallmarks pre-eclampsia found examination placental tissue from patients.

Language: Английский

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Human Placental Endothelial Cell and Trophoblast Heterogeneity and Differentiation Revealed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing

Cells, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(1), P. 87 - 87

Published: Dec. 25, 2022

Background: The placenta is an important organ for fetal and maternal health during pregnancy impacts offspring late in life. Defects placental vasculature trophoblast have been identified several complications. Thus, the detailed molecular profile heterogeneity of endothelial cells trophoblasts placentas will aid us better understanding behaviors improving outcomes. Methods: Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed to transcriptomics human villous tissues from eleven patients with normal pregnancies first second trimesters (6–16 weeks gestation). Results: transcriptomic landscape 52,179 single obtained, were classified as trophoblasts, fibroblasts, cells, erythroid Hofbauer macrophages. Our analysis further revealed three subtypes distinct metabolic signatures transcription factor regulatory networks. We also determined features subpopulations characterized two populations progenitor cytotrophoblasts, which capable differentiating extravillous syncytiotrophoblasts, respectively. Conclusions: study provided a high-resolution between 6 16 gestation. data cell complexity demonstrated transcriptional networks signaling involved differentiation early pregnancy, be resource future studies development.

Language: Английский

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Glycolysis: A fork in the path of normal and pathological pregnancy

The FASEB Journal, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 37(12)

Published: Oct. 27, 2023

Abstract Glucose metabolism is vital to the survival of living organisms. Since discovery Warburg effect in 1920s, glycolysis has become a major research area field metabolism. Glycolysis been extensively studied cancer and considered as promising therapeutic target. However, on role pregnancy limited. Recent evidence suggests that blastocysts, trophoblasts, decidua, tumors all acquire metabolic energy at specific stages highly similar manner. Glycolysis, carefully controlled throughout pregnancy, maintains dynamic coordinated state, so maintain homeostasis maternal–fetal interface ensure normal gestation. In present review, we investigate remodeling selective propensity embryo placenta for glycolysis. We then address dysregulated occurs cellular interactive network miscarriage, preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, gestational diabetes mellitus. provide new insights into medicine from perspective, thus revealing mystery human pregnancy.

Language: Английский

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Microplastics: A threat for developing and repairing organs?

Cambridge Prisms Plastics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 1

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Abstract Plastic production has greatly increased in the past decades and become central to modern human life. Realization is dawning that plastics break down into smaller pieces resulting micro- or nanoplastics (MNP) can enter humans directly via environment. Indeed, MNP have been detected every part of body, including placenta, which concerning for development. Early developmental stages are crucial proper growth genome programming. Environmental disruptors detrimental effects during this critical window as well increase risk developing disease dysfunction. In addition, may impact situations pathways reactivated after birth such organ repair. Currently, there no overview how impair (human) development Therefore, we provide an extensive available evidence on impacting regenerative processes various organs rodent models. included some additives leach from these MNP. We conclude their modulating regenerating organs.

Language: Английский

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Exosomal miR-146a-5p derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells can alleviate antiphospholipid antibody-induced trophoblast injury and placental dysfunction by regulating the TRAF6/NF-κB axis

Journal of Nanobiotechnology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: Nov. 13, 2023

Abstract Exosomes originating from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSC-exos) have become a novel strategy for treating various diseases owing to their ability regulate intercellular signal communication. However, the potential of hucMSC-exos improve placental injury in obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome and its underlying mechanism remain unclear. Our objective was explore application treatment elucidate mechanism. In our study, ameliorated functional impairment trophoblasts caused by antibodies vitro attenuated dysfunction mice with delivering miR-146a-5p. Exosomal miR-146a-5p suppressed expression tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated 6 (TRAF6) inhibited activation NF-κB signaling, leading down-regulation IL-1β IL-18 rescue inflammation modulation Cleaved-CASP3, BAX, BCL2 inhibit apoptosis HTR8/SVneo placenta. This study identified molecular basis how improved antibody-induced highlighted importance miR-146a-5p/TRAF6 axis progression syndrome. More importantly, this provided fresh outlook on promising use as effective approach Graphical

Language: Английский

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Bioactive Hydrogel Based on Collagen and Hyaluronic Acid Enriched with Freeze-Dried Sheep Placenta for Wound Healing Support

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(3), P. 1687 - 1687

Published: Jan. 30, 2024

In an increasingly aging society, there is a growing demand for the development of technology related to tissue regeneration. It involves appropriate biomaterials whose properties will allow desired biological response be obtained. Bioactivity strongly affected by proper selection active ingredients. The aim this study was produce bioactive hydrogel materials based on hyaluronic acid and collagen modified addition placenta. These were intended use as dressings, their physicochemical investigated under simulated environmental conditions. incubated in vitro different fluids simulating environment human body (e.g., fluid) then stored at temperature close temperature. Using FT-IR spectrophotometer, functional groups present composites identified. with added placenta showed increase swelling factor more than 300%. results obtained confirmed potential using material absorbent dressing. This indicated pH conductometric measurements, sorption, degradation, surface analysis optical microscope. evaluation cytosafety tested biomaterials. activate monocytes, which may indicate beneficial first phases wound healing. proved nontoxic has medical use.

Language: Английский

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