Frontiers in Oncology,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
8
Published: Oct. 9, 2018
The
microenvironment
encompasses
all
components
of
a
tumor
other
than
the
cancer
cells
themselves.
It
is
highly
heterogenous,
comprising
cellular
component
that
includes
immune
cells,
fibroblasts,
adipocytes
and
endothelial
non-cellular
component,
which
meshwork
polymeric
proteins
accessory
molecules,
termed
extra-cellular
matrix
(ECM).
ECM
provides
both
biochemical
biomechanical
context
within
exist.
Cancer
progression
dependent
on
ability
to
traverse
barrier,
access
circulation
establish
distal
metastases.
Communication
between
therefore
an
important
aspect
progression.
Significant
progress
has
been
made
in
identifying
molecular
mechanisms
enable
subvert
facilitate
growth
spread.
While
much
less
known
about
how
adapt
changes
nor
indeed
they
influence
structure
composition,
importance
now
well
established.
Plasticity
refers
modify
their
physiological
characteristics,
permitting
them
survive
hostile
microenvironments
resist
therapy.
Examples
include
acquisition
stemness
characteristics
epithelial-mesenchymal
mesenchymal-epithelial
transitions.
There
emerging
evidence
properties
cell
plasticity
vice
versa.
Outstanding
challenges
for
field
remain
identification
by
tumor-promoting
delineating
key
underlying
ECM-induced
plasticity.
Here
we
summarize
current
state
understanding
relationships
main
stromal
types
determine
pathways
govern
this
three-way
interaction
regulate
We
postulate
comprehensive
dynamic
system
will
be
required
fully
exploit
opportunities
targeting
regulators
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
5(1)
Published: Feb. 7, 2020
Abstract
Since
cancer
stem
cells
(CSCs)
were
first
identified
in
leukemia
1994,
they
have
been
considered
promising
therapeutic
targets
for
therapy.
These
self-renewal
capacity
and
differentiation
potential
contribute
to
multiple
tumor
malignancies,
such
as
recurrence,
metastasis,
heterogeneity,
multidrug
resistance,
radiation
resistance.
The
biological
activities
of
CSCs
are
regulated
by
several
pluripotent
transcription
factors,
OCT4,
Sox2,
Nanog,
KLF4,
MYC.
In
addition,
many
intracellular
signaling
pathways,
Wnt,
NF-κB
(nuclear
factor-κB),
Notch,
Hedgehog,
JAK-STAT
(Janus
kinase/signal
transducers
activators
transcription),
PI3K/AKT/mTOR
(phosphoinositide
3-kinase/AKT/mammalian
target
rapamycin),
TGF
(transforming
growth
factor)/SMAD,
PPAR
(peroxisome
proliferator-activated
receptor),
well
extracellular
vascular
niches,
hypoxia,
tumor-associated
macrophages,
cancer-associated
fibroblasts,
mesenchymal
cells,
matrix,
exosomes,
shown
be
very
important
regulators
CSCs.
Molecules,
vaccines,
antibodies,
CAR-T
(chimeric
antigen
receptor
T
cell)
developed
specifically
CSCs,
some
these
factors
already
undergoing
clinical
trials.
This
review
summarizes
the
characterization
identification
depicts
major
pathways
that
regulate
CSC
development,
discusses
targeted
therapy
Molecular Cancer,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
18(1)
Published: April 2, 2019
Tumor-derived
exosomes
(TDEs)
participate
in
formation
and
progression
of
different
cancer
processes,
including
tumor
microenvironment
(TME)
remodeling,
angiogenesis,
invasion,
metastasis
drug-resistance.
Exosomes
initiate
or
suppress
various
signaling
pathways
the
recipient
cells
via
transmitting
heterogeneous
cargoes.
In
this
review
we
discuss
exosome
biogenesis,
mediated
chemoresistance.
Furthermore,
derived
role
angiogenesis
is
reviewed.
Also,
induction
epithelial
mesenchymal
transition
(EMT)
highlighted.
More
importantly,
extensively
how
regulate
drug
resistance
several
cancers.
Thus,
understanding
their
contents
molecular
mechanisms
that
are
responsible
for
drug-resistance
by
TDEs
may
help
to
devise
novel
therapeutic
approaches
particularly
overcome
therapy-resistance
preventing
as
major
factors
mortality.
Medicina,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
56(1), P. 15 - 15
Published: Dec. 30, 2019
The
tumor
microenvironment
has
been
widely
implicated
in
tumorigenesis
because
it
harbors
cells
that
interact
with
surrounding
through
the
circulatory
and
lymphatic
systems
to
influence
development
progression
of
cancer.
In
addition,
nonmalignant
play
critical
roles
all
stages
carcinogenesis
by
stimulating
facilitating
uncontrolled
cell
proliferation.This
study
aims
explore
concept
conducting
a
review
previous
studies
on
topic.
Materials
Methods:
This
relies
evidence
presented
related
articles
included
this
were
obtained
from
different
medical
health
databases.The
received
significant
attention
cancer
literature,
particular
focus
its
role
progression.
Previous
have
identified
various
components
malignant
behavior
addition
cells,
adipocytes,
fibroblasts,
vasculature,
lymphocytes,
dendritic
cancer-associated
fibroblasts
are
present
microenvironment.
Each
these
types
unique
immunological
capabilities
determine
whether
will
survive
affect
neighboring
cells.The
stem
other
molecules
contribute
Consequently,
targeting
manipulating
factors
during
treatment
can
help
control
malignancies
achieve
positive
outcomes.
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
5(1)
Published: Aug. 25, 2020
Abstract
Accumulating
evidence
shows
that
cellular
and
acellular
components
in
tumor
microenvironment
(TME)
can
reprogram
initiation,
growth,
invasion,
metastasis,
response
to
therapies.
Cancer
research
treatment
have
switched
from
a
cancer-centric
model
TME-centric
one,
considering
the
increasing
significance
of
TME
cancer
biology.
Nonetheless,
clinical
efficacy
therapeutic
strategies
targeting
TME,
especially
specific
cells
or
pathways
remains
unsatisfactory.
Classifying
chemopathological
characteristics
crosstalk
among
one
another
greatly
benefit
further
studies
exploring
effective
treating
methods.
Herein,
we
present
an
updated
image
with
emphasis
on
hypoxic
niche,
immune
microenvironment,
metabolism
acidic
innervated
mechanical
microenvironment.
We
then
summarize
conventional
drugs
including
aspirin,
celecoxib,
β-adrenergic
antagonist,
metformin,
statin
new
antitumor
application.
These
are
considered
as
viable
candidates
for
combination
therapy
due
their
activity
extensive
use
practice.
also
provide
our
outlook
directions
potential
applications
theory.
This
review
depicts
comprehensive
vivid
landscape
biology
treatment.
Annual Review of Physiology,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
82(1), P. 103 - 126
Published: Nov. 15, 2019
Acidic
metabolic
waste
products
accumulate
in
the
tumor
microenvironment
because
of
high
activity
and
insufficient
perfusion.
In
tumors,
acidity
interstitial
space
relatively
well-maintained
intracellular
pH
influence
cancer
stromal
cell
function,
their
mutual
interplay,
interactions
with
extracellular
matrix.
Tumor
is
spatially
temporally
heterogeneous,
fitness
advantage
cells
adapted
to
likely
particularly
evident
when
they
encounter
less
acidic
regions,
for
instance,
during
invasion.
Through
complex
effects
on
genetic
stability,
epigenetics,
cellular
metabolism,
proliferation,
survival,
compartmentalized
favors
development.
Cellular
selection
exacerbates
malignant
phenotype,
which
further
enhanced
by
acid-induced
motility,
matrix
degradation,
attenuated
immune
responses,
modified
intercellular
signaling.
this
review,
we
discuss
how
influences
each
stage
development,
from
dysplasia
full-blown
metastatic
disease.
Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
11(1), P. 47 - 76
Published: May 19, 2016
Different
mechanisms
contribute
to
intratumor
heterogeneity,
including
genetic
mutations,
the
microenvironment,
and
existence
of
subpopulations
cancer
cells
with
increased
renewal
capacity
ability
recapitulate
heterogeneity
found
in
primary
tumors,
which
are
referred
as
stem
(CSCs).
In
this
review,
we
discuss
how
concept
CSCs
has
been
defined,
what
assays
currently
used
define
functional
properties
CSCs,
intrinsic
extrinsic
regulate
CSC
functions,
plastic
are,
importance
epithelial-to-mesenchymal
transition
conferring
properties.
Finally,
by
may
resist
medical
therapy
tumor
relapse.
