Immunotoxicity and intestinal effects of nano- and microplastics: a review of the literature

Particle and Fibre Toxicology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 17(1)

Published: Nov. 12, 2020

Abstract Background Together with poor biodegradability and insufficient recycling, the massive production use of plastics have led to widespread environmental contamination by nano- microplastics. These particles accumulate across ecosystems - even in most remote habitats are transferred through food chains, leading inevitable human ingestion, that adds highest one due processes packaging. Objective The present review aimed at providing a comprehensive overview current knowledge regarding effects microplastics on intestinal homeostasis. Methods We conducted literature search focused vivo gut epithelium microbiota, as well immune response. Results Numerous animal studies shown exposure leads impairments oxidative inflammatory balance, disruption gut’s epithelial permeability. Other notable microplastic include dysbiosis (changes microbiota) cell toxicity. Moreover, contain additives, adsorb contaminants, may promote growth bacterial pathogens their surfaces: they potential carriers toxicants can potentially lead further adverse effects. Conclusion Despite scarcity reports directly relevant human, this brings together growing body evidence showing disturbs microbiota critical functions. Such development chronic disorders. Further investigation threat health is warranted.

Language: Английский

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The ecology of the plastisphere: Microbial composition, function, assembly, and network in the freshwater and seawater ecosystems

Water Research, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 202, P. 117428 - 117428

Published: July 15, 2021

Language: Английский

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The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health

Annals of Global Health, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 89(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Plastics have conveyed great benefits to humanity and made possible some of the most significant advances modern civilization in fields as diverse medicine, electronics, aerospace, construction, food packaging, sports. It is now clear, however, that plastics are also responsible for harms human health, economy, earth's environment. These occur at every stage plastic life cycle, from extraction coal, oil, gas its main feedstocks through ultimate disposal into The extent these not been systematically assessed, their magnitude fully quantified, economic costs comprehensively counted.The goals this Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Human Health examine plastics' impacts across cycle on: (1) health well-being; (2) global environment, especially ocean; (3) economy; (4) vulnerable populations-the poor, minorities, world's children. On basis examination, offers science-based recommendations designed support development a Global Treaty, protect save lives.This report contains seven Sections. Following an Introduction, Section 2 presents narrative review processes involved production, use, notes hazards environment associated with each stages. 3 describes ocean potential enter marine web result exposure. 4 details health. 5 first-order estimate health-related costs. 6 examines intersection between plastic, social inequity, environmental injustice. 7 Commission's findings recommendations.Plastics complex, highly heterogeneous, synthetic chemical materials. Over 98% produced fossil carbon- oil gas. comprised carbon-based polymer backbone thousands additional chemicals incorporated polymers convey specific properties such color, flexibility, stability, water repellence, flame retardation, ultraviolet resistance. Many added toxic. They include carcinogens, neurotoxicants endocrine disruptors phthalates, bisphenols, per- poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), brominated retardants, organophosphate retardants. integral components many environment.Global production has increased almost exponentially since World War II, time more than 8,300 megatons (Mt) manufactured. Annual volume grown under Mt 1950 460 2019, 230-fold increase, track triple by 2060. More half all ever 2002. Single-use account 35-40% current represent rapidly growing segment manufacture.Explosive recent growth reflects deliberate pivot integrated multinational fossil-carbon corporations produce manufacture plastics. reducing fuels increasing manufacture. two principal factors decreasing demand due increases 'green' energy, massive expansion fracking.Plastic energy-intensive contributes significantly climate change. At present, estimated 3.7% greenhouse emissions, contribution Brazil. This fraction projected increase 4.5% 2060 if trends continue unchecked.The three phases: disposal. In carbon feedstocks-coal, gas, oil-are transformed energy-intensive, catalytic vast array products. Plastic use occurs aspect results widespread exposure contained plastic. constitute largest portion followed fibers construction.Plastic inefficient, recovery recycling rates below 10% globally. 22 waste enters year, much it single-use gigatons accumulated 1950. Strategies controlled uncontrolled landfilling, open burning, thermal conversion, export. Vast quantities exported year high-income low-income countries, where accumulates landfills, pollutes air water, degrades vital ecosystems, befouls beaches estuaries, health-environmental injustice scale. Plastic-laden e-waste particularly problematic.Plastics plastic-associated pollution. contaminate aquatic (marine freshwater), terrestrial, atmospheric environments destination found throughout ocean, including coastal regions, sea surface, deep sea, polar ice. appear resist breakdown could persist decades. Macro- micro-plastic particles identified hundreds species major taxa, consumed humans. Trophic transfer microplastic within them demonstrated. Although themselves (>10 µm) undergo biomagnification, hydrophobic bioaccumulate animals biomagnify webs. amounts fates smaller nanoplastic (MNPs <10 poorly understood, but harm worrying given mobility biological systems. Adverse pollution multiple levels molecular biochemical population ecosystem. MNP contamination seafood direct, though well chemicals. Marine endangers ecosystems upon which depends food, oxygen, livelihood, well-being.Coal miners, workers field who extract suffer mortality traumatic injury, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, silicosis, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary lung cancer. risk leukemia, lymphoma, hepatic angiosarcoma, brain cancer, breast mesothelioma, neurotoxic decreased fertility. Workers producing textiles die bladder interstitial disease rates. toxic metal poisoning, neuropathy, Residents "fenceline" communities adjacent sites experience risks premature birth, low birth weight, asthma, childhood cancer.During disposal, release additives residual monomers people. National biomonitoring surveys USA document population-wide exposures disrupt function births, neurodevelopmental disorders, male reproductive defects, infertility, obesity, renal cancers. Chemical-laden MNPs formed degradation can living organisms, Emerging, albeit still incomplete evidence indicates may cause toxicity physical toxicological effects acting vectors transport bacterial pathogens tissues cells.Infants womb young children populations high plastic-related effects. Because exquisite sensitivity early hazardous children's unique patterns exposure, linked prematurity, stillbirth, defects organs, impairment, impaired growth, Early-life non-communicable diseases later life.Plastic's We 2015 exceeded $250 billion (2015 Int$) globally, alone disability caused PBDE, BPA DEHP $920 Int$). (GHG) emissions equivalent 1.96 dioxide (CO2e) annually. Using US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) cost metric, we annual GHG be $341 Int$).These costs, large they are, certainly underestimate full losses resulting negative All costs-and costs-are externalized petrochemical manufacturing industry borne citizens, taxpayers, governments countries around world without compensation.The adverse economy evenly distributed. disproportionately affect disempowered, marginalized workers, racial ethnic communities, Indigenous groups, women, children, whom had little do creating crisis lack political influence or resources address it. Plastics' harmful keenly felt South, small island states, disenfranchised areas North. Social justice (SEJ) principles require reversal inequitable burdens ensure no group bears disproportionate share those benefit economically bear fair currently costs.It clear sustainable societal injustices.The driver worsening exponential accelerating production. further magnified long persistence environment.The plastics-monomers, additives, processing agents, non-intentionally substances-include amongst number known disruptors, neurotoxicants, persistent organic pollutants. planetary leach out plastics, pollution, disease. efforts reduce must chemicals.To at-risk populations, put end 2040, supports urgent adoption nations strong comprehensive Treaty accord mandate set forth March 2022 resolution United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA).International measures needed curb because transcend national boundaries, scale, well-being people poorest nations. Effective implementation will international action coordinated complemented interventions national, regional, local levels.This urges cap targets, timetables, contributions central provision Treaty. recommend inclusion following provisions:The needs extend beyond microplastics litter plastics.The banning severely restricting unnecessary, avoidable, problematic items, items manufactured microbeads.The requirements extended producer responsibility (EPR) make producers, manufacturers products legally financially safety end-of-life management materials sell.The reductions complexity products; health-protective standards additives; requirement non-toxic materials; disclosure components; traceability components. International cooperation essential implementing enforcing standards.The SEJ remedies fill gaps community knowledge advance both distributional procedural equity.This encourages calling exploration listing least pollutants (POPs) Stockholm Convention.This interface Basel London Conventions enhance slow exports least-developed countries.This recommends creation Permanent Science Policy Advisory Body guide Treaty's implementation. priorities would Member States other stakeholders evaluating solutions effective consumption, enhancing recycling, curbing generation waste. assess trade-offs among evaluate safer alternatives monitor transnational export coordinate robust oceanic-, land-, air-based monitoring programs.This investment research crisis. need determine cost-effective context particular proposed solutions. Oceanographic better measure concentrations µm understand distribution fate Biomedical elucidate MNPs.This finds boon stealth threat enormous benefits, linear pay attention design safe near absence recovery, reuse, grave damage, injustices. worsening.While there remain about uncertainties magnitude, available today demonstrates unequivocally severity intervention Manufacture continue. However, reckless ever-increasing unnecessary products, curbed.Global against failure act immense.

Language: Английский

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Plastics and the microbiome: impacts and solutions

Environmental Microbiome, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 16(1)

Published: Jan. 20, 2021

Abstract Global plastic production has increased exponentially since manufacturing commenced in the 1950’s, including polymer types infused with diverse additives and fillers. While negative impacts of plastics are widely reported, particularly on marine vertebrates, microbial life remain poorly understood. Plastics impact microbiomes directly, exerting toxic effects, providing supplemental carbon sources acting as rafts for colonisation dispersal. Indirect consequences include environmental shading, altered compositions host communities disruption organism or community health, hormone balances immune responses. The isolation application plastic-degrading microbes substantial interest yet little evidence supports biodegradation most high molecular weight synthetic polymers. Over 400 species have been presumptively identified capable degradation, but degradation highly prevalent polymers polypropylene, nylon, polystyrene polyvinyl chloride must be treated caution; studies fail to differentiate losses caused by leaching monomers, Even where is demonstrated, such polyethylene terephthalate, ability microorganisms degrade more crystalline forms used commercial appears limited. Microbiomes frequently work conjunction abiotic factors heat light structural integrity accessibility enzymatic attack. Consequently, there remains much scope extremophile explored a source enzymes microorganisms. We propose best-practice workflow isolating reporting taxa from microbiomes, which should multiple lines supporting changes structure, mass loss, detection presumed products, along confirmation strains (and their associated genes) responsible degradation. Such approaches necessary degraders differentiated organisms only degrading labile within predominantly amorphous plastics,

Language: Английский

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Micro(nano)plastics sources, fate, and effects: What we know after ten years of research

Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 6, P. 100057 - 100057

Published: Feb. 24, 2022

The last decade has been transformative for micro(nano)plastic (MnP) research with recent discoveries revealing the extent and magnitude of MnP pollution, even in world's most remote places. Historically, while researchers recognized that plastic pollution was derived from land-based sources, it generally believed microplastic particles (i.e., fragments <5 mm) only a marine issue effects largely impacting biota. However, over progressed rapidly MnPs freshwater, snow, ice, soil, terrestrial biota, air found ocean spray. have now every environmental compartment on earth, within tissues gastrointestinal tracts thousands species, including humans, resulting harmful effects. 10 years also seen development new techniques analysis, re-purposing old technologies allowing us to determine down nano size range (<1 µm). This short review summarizes what key milestones major advances made nanoplastic environment, their fate, decade.

Language: Английский

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From natural environment to animal tissues: A review of microplastics(nanoplastics) translocation and hazards studies

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 855, P. 158686 - 158686

Published: Sept. 10, 2022

Language: Английский

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Microplastics as hubs enriching antibiotic-resistant bacteria and pathogens in municipal activated sludge

Journal of Hazardous Materials Letters, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 2, P. 100014 - 100014

Published: Jan. 18, 2021

Microplastics can serve as carriers of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and pathogens, representing a pressing concern to aquatic biota human health. Activated sludge units at municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are "hotspots" converging microplastics antibiotics. In this batch study with activated samples from three domestic WWTPs, we demonstrated both polyethylene (PE) polystyrene (PS) acclimate biofilms enriched sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1 sul2) the associated mobile genetic element (intI1) in comparison fine sands control particles. Absolute abundances these were further elevated by 1.2∼4.5 fold when sulfamethoxazole was initially spiked representative sulfonamide. The combination 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing differential ranking analysis revealed that selectively promoted pathogenic taxa (e.g., Raoultella ornithinolytica Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) enrichment indices ranging 1.6 3.3. Furthermore, heterotrophic Novosphingobium filamentous Flectobacillus accounted for 14.6 % 3.3 on average microplastic biofilms, respectively, which up 2.8 11.1 times higher than those sand biofilms. Dominance bacterial species may contribute initial biofilm formation facilitates subsequent colonization proliferation ARB thus amplifying their risks receiving environments beyond.

Language: Английский

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Microplastics and plastics-associated contaminants in food and beverages; Global trends, concentrations, and human exposure

Environmental Pollution, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 317, P. 120747 - 120747

Published: Nov. 25, 2022

Language: Английский

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Microplastic-associated pathogens and antimicrobial resistance in environment

Chemosphere, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 291, P. 133005 - 133005

Published: Nov. 20, 2021

Language: Английский

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A review on marine plastisphere: biodiversity, formation, and role in degradation

Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 20, P. 975 - 988

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

The pollution of plastic waste has become an increasingly serious environmental crisis. Recently, been detected in various kinds environments, even human tissues, which is increasing threat to the ecosystems and humans. In ocean, eventually fragmentized into microplastics (MPs) under disruption physical chemical processes. MPs are colonized by microbial communities such as fungi, diatoms, bacteria, form biofilms on surface called "plastisphere". this review, we summarize studies related microorganisms plastisphere recent years describe species plastisphere, mainly including autotrophs. Secondly, explore interactions between plastisphere. depth ocean nutrients surrounding seawater can have a great impact community structure Finally, discuss types MP-degrading bacteria use "seed bank" theory speculate potential sources microorganisms. Challenges future research prospects also discussed.

Language: Английский

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