Adversity in childhood is linked to mental and physical health throughout life

BMJ, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. m3048 - m3048

Published: Oct. 28, 2020

The prevalence of "toxic stress" and huge downstream consequences in disease, suffering, financial costs make prevention early intervention crucial, say Charles A Nelson colleagues

Language: Английский

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The Value of Dimensional Models of Early Experience: Thinking Clearly About Concepts and Categories

Perspectives on Psychological Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 16(6), P. 1463 - 1472

Published: Sept. 7, 2021

We review the three prevailing approaches—specificity, cumulative risk, and dimensional models—to conceptualizing developmental consequences of early-life adversity address fundamental problems with characterization these frameworks in a recent Perspectives on Psychological Science piece by Smith Pollak. respond to concerns raised Pollak about models early experience highlight value for studying adversity. Basic dimensions proposed existing include threat/harshness, deprivation, unpredictability. These identify core that cut across categorical exposures have been focus specificity risk approaches (e.g., abuse, institutional rearing, chronic poverty); delineate aspects are likely influence brain behavioral development; afford hypotheses adaptive maladaptive responses different adversity; articulate specific mechanisms through which exert their influences, experience-driven plasticity within an evolutionary-developmental framework. In doing so, advance falsifiable hypotheses, grounded neurodevelopmental evolutionary principles, supported accumulating evidence provide fertile ground empirical studies

Language: Английский

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Why and how does early adversity influence development? Toward an integrated model of dimensions of environmental experience

Development and Psychopathology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 34(2), P. 447 - 471

Published: March 14, 2022

Abstract Two extant frameworks – the harshness-unpredictability model and threat-deprivation attempt to explain which dimensions of adversity have distinct influences on development. These models address, respectively, why, based a history natural selection, development operates way it does across range environmental contexts, how neural mechanisms that underlie plasticity learning in response experiences influence brain Building these frameworks, we advance an integrated experience, focusing threat-based forms harshness, deprivation-based unpredictability. This makes clear why are inextricable and, together, essential understanding environment matter. Core integrative concepts include directedness learning, multiple levels developmental adaptation environment, tradeoffs between adaptive maladaptive responses adversity. The proposes proximal distal cues as well unpredictability those cues, calibrate both immediate rearing environments broader ecological current future. We highlight actionable directions for research needed investigate experience.

Language: Английский

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The Neurobiology of Social Distance

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 24(9), P. 717 - 733

Published: June 3, 2020

From babies to the elderly, psychosocial embedding in interpersonal relationships is crucial for survival.Insufficient social stimulation affects reasoning and memory performance, hormone homeostasis, brain grey/white matter connectivity function, as well resilience physical mental disease.Feelings of loneliness can spread through a network, causing negatively skewed perception, escalating morbidity mortality, and, older people, precipitating onset dementia (e.g., Alzheimer's disease). Never before have we experienced isolation on such massive scale response coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, know that environment has dramatic impact our sense life satisfaction well-being. In times distress, crisis, or disaster, human depends richness strength connections, active engagement groups communities. Over recent years, evidence emerging from various disciplines made it abundantly clear: perceived (i.e., loneliness) may be most potent threat survival longevity. We highlight benefits bonds, choreographies bond creation maintenance, neurocognitive basis its deep consequences health. Humans, like all monkeys apes, are intensely social. As an unsurprising consequence, us find deprivation stressful. Social isolation, lack opportunity, gives rise loneliness. Directly indirectly, this feeling many wide-ranging psychological well-being health, even short, kills people. The neuroscientist John Cacioppo argued evolved alarm signal ensure remain firmly embedded within cocoon [1.Cacioppo J.T. S. phenotype loneliness.Eur. J. Dev. Psychol. 2012; 9: 446-452Crossref PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar, 2.Cacioppo et al.Evolutionary mechanisms loneliness.Cogn. Emot. 2014; 28: 3-21Crossref (0) 3.Cacioppo Hawkley L.C. Perceived cognition.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2009; 13: 447-454Abstract Full Text PDF (526) Scholar]. 2019, World Health Organization declared major health concern worldwide [4.Cacioppo growing problem loneliness.Lancet. 2018; 391: 426Abstract (54) metropolitan cities around globe, >50% people already live single-person households. UK recently appointed first Minister Loneliness. been found person networks [3.Cacioppo Once lonely, humans become trapped downward cycle difficult escape from. This part reinforced by perception negative cues others, expectation being socially excluded others. biased world-view leads escalated suicide rates [5.Bangee M. al.Loneliness attention young adults: findings eye tracker study.Pers. Individ. Dif. 63: 16-23Crossref (43) Scholar,6.Cacioppo al.The cultural context loneliness: risk factors duty soldiers.J. Soc. Clin. 2016; 35: 865-882Crossref (12) Scholar], among other consequences. 'learned helplessness' dangerous because, existing species, depend longest individuals. explore here neurobiology First, outline interaction. then consider why one cannot unlimited number friends, though they highly beneficial. Next, briefly survey behavioral patterns play central role creating maintaining strong bonds. Finally, examine key neurobiological underlying interplay, them. There now accumulating friendships conditio sine qua non quality [7.Domínguez Arford T. It about who you know: capital low-income communities.Health Sociol. Rev. 2010; 19: 114-129Crossref 8.Kana'iaupuni S.M. al.Counting kin: networks, support, child status.Social Forces. 2005; 83: 1137-1164Crossref 9.Liu L. Newschaffer C.J. Impact connections heart disease, cancer, all-cause mortality elderly Americans: Second Longitudinal Study Aging (LSOA II).Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2011; 53: 168-173Crossref 10.Pinquart Duberstein P.R. Associations with cancer mortality: meta-analysis.Crit. Oncol. Hematol. 75: 122-137Crossref (200) 11.Reblin Uchino B.N. emotional support implication health.Curr. Opin. Psychiatry. 2008; 21: 201-205Crossref (323) 12.Rodriguez-Laso A. effect residents Southern European community: cohort study.BMC 2007; 719Crossref 13.Smith K.P. Christakis N.A. health.Annu. 34: 405-429Crossref (731) 14.Tilvis R.S. al.Social activity indicators old age; nationwide 7-year follow-up.Eur. Med. 3: 18-22Crossref tighter someone network less likely ill. higher your capital, faster get better if fall ill, quicker recover surgery, longer will live. Previous research [15.Holt-Lunstad risk: meta-analytic review.PLoS 7e1000316Crossref (2365) Scholar] collated 148 epidemiological studies (~300 000 total) identify common influence mortality. specific case death due cardiovascular three far biggest were (i) frequency (ii) how integrated was into their (iii) whether patient gave up smoking – two, arguably three, reasons. By contrast, doctors conventionally concerned had much rates. Key included obesity, diet, alcohol consumption, exercise taken, drug treatments prescribed, local air pollution. These authors conducted follow-up analysis 70 longevity which followed ~3.5 million over average ~7 years [16.Holt-Lunstad review.Perspect. 2015; 10: 227-237Crossref (918) Scholar]: living alone, lonely increased chances dying ~30%, after accounting age, sex, status. Many shown (though not self-reported feelings significant predictor death. For example, longitudinal ~6500 British men women aged 50–59 [17.Steptoe loneliness, women.Proc. Natl. Acad. 2013; 110: 5797-5801Crossref (646) isolated increases next decade ~25%. Quantitative nearly ~400 married couples American Medicare database revealed that, men, spouse own immediate future 18%. husband turn wife's 16% [18.Elwert F. widowhood causes both spouses.Am. Public Health. 98: 2092-2098Crossref (133) Similar effects respect support. A series elegant prospective using data Framingham Heart [19.Fowler J.H. Dynamic happiness large network: 20 Study.BMJ. 337a2338-a2338Crossref (790) Scholar,20.Christakis Fowler Connected: Surprising Power Our Networks How They Shape Lives. Harper Press, 2009Google becoming happy, depressed, obese strongly mirrored similar changes closest friend. smaller behavior friend's detectable present friend friend, but nothing beyond. contagion phenomenon especially friendship reciprocal individuals recognized each friend). If mutual, negligible. investigators also documented 'geographical contagion'. happy lives radius 1 mile, 25% more happy. addition, 34% next-door neighbor People belong experience bouts depression. Such emerged Ageing (ELSA) repeatedly profiled ~5000 age 50 onwards. showed [21.Cruwys group memberships protect against depression, alleviate depression symptoms prevent relapse.Soc. 179-186Crossref (104) depressed reduce at later time-point almost quarter join sports club, church, political party, hobby group, charity. Indeed, joining reduced two-thirds. On general note, surveys visits pubs, evening dinners, regular attendance religious services converged core conclusion: engaged any these activities typically happier, felt satisfied life. immersed community trusted neighbors [22.Dunbar R.I.M. Breaking bread: functions eating.Adapt. Hum. Behav. Physiol. 2017; 198-211Crossref (25) 23.Dunbar structure strategy mitigate costs living: comparison gelada guereza monkeys.Anim. 136: 53-64Crossref (7) 24.Dunbar Religiosity wellbeing engagement.Relig. Brain 2020; (Published online January 22, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2020.1712618)Crossref causal directionality pin down cases because cross-sectional nature data. Nevertheless, path provided some indication intensity exchange candidate driver. impetus access wider extends beyond humans. wealth long-term field wild baboons well-connected females harassment Scholar,23.Dunbar lower levels cortisol stress hormones [25.Wittig R.M. al.Focused grooming alleviation female baboons.Horm. 54: 170-177Crossref (157) Scholar,26.Crockford C. stressors coping (Papio hamadryas ursinus).Horm. 254-265Crossref wound healing [27.Archie E.A. affiliation matters: same-sex opposite-sex predict baboons.Proc. R. B Biol. 28120141261Crossref (83) produce offspring, [28.Silk J.B. bonds enhance infant survival.Science. 2003; 302: 1231-1234Crossref (594) 29.Silk al.Strong consistent baboons.Curr. 20: 1359-1361Abstract (340) 30.Silk capital: close offspring survival.Proc. 276: 3099-3104Crossref (279) 31.Cheney D.L. al.Network dyadic fitness baboons.R. Open 3160255Crossref (30) ramifications appear hold across diversity including chimpanzees [32.Wittig reduces stressful events everyday affiliations.Nat. Commun. 713361Crossref (50) macaques [33.Brent L.J.N. al.Family size lifespan macaques.Proc. 28420170515Crossref 34.Vandeleest J.J. al.Decoupling status certainty macaques: approach.PeerJ. 4e2394Crossref (16) 35.Young al.Responses environmental attenuated male 111: 18195-18200Crossref feral horses [36.Nunez C.M.V. al.Sociality juvenile catastrophic event horse (Equus caballus).Behav. Ecol. 26: 138-147Crossref Scholar,37.Cameron E.Z. between unrelated increase reproductive success horses.Proc. 106: 13850-13853Crossref dolphins [38.Frere C.H. genetic interactions drive variation free-living dolphin population.Proc. 107: 19949-19954Crossref reason effects, least humans, impairs immune system resistance diseases infections. Research [39.Pressman S.D. al.Loneliness, size, influenza vaccination college freshmen.Health 24: 297-306Crossref (225) freshmen students reported when given flu vaccine compared engaged. Moreover, those only four 12 friends significantly poorer responses than 13–20 friends. two seemed interact other: having (a 19 friends) seems buffer weakened response. few results particularly poor defense. Other [40.Kim D.A. connectedness associated fibrinogen level network.Proc. 28320160958Crossref (18) used show fewer contacts elevated serum concentrations. enjoying low levels. Fibrinogen plays important blood clotting vessel ruptured, facilitates tissue repair generally: high concentrations thus Endorphins constitute component psychoendocrine underpinning (Box 1). [41.Sarkar D.K. al.Opiate antagonist prevents μ- δ-opiate receptor dimerization facilitate ability agonist control ethanol-altered natural killer cell mammary tumor growth.J. Chem. 287: 16734-16747Crossref stimulate release body's cells, white cells innate whose function destroy harmful bacteria viruses.Box 1How Create FriendshipsPrimates service grooming. Grooming triggers endorphin very neural system: afferent CT fibers [163.Olausson H. neurophysiology unmyelinated tactile afferents.Neurosci. Biobehav. 185-191Crossref (210) axon bundles receptors base hair follicles, unusual properties (and hence slow, pain skin), no return motor loop (unlike proprioceptive neurons), respond stimulus (light slow stroking ~2.5 cm per s), directly trigger reward [164.Nummenmaa touch modulates endogenous μ-opioid humans.NeuroImage. 138: 242-247Crossref (48) Although full fur covering encourages grooming, still instead use contact form touching, stroking, caressing, hugging means strengthening ties closer [165.Suvilehto al.Topography touching humans.Proc. 112: 13811-13816Crossref Scholar,166.Suvilehto al.Cross-cultural similarity relationship-specific touching.Proc. B. 2019; 28620190467Crossref (3) Scholar].Physical intimate, limited mainly family (see Figure 2 main text). To range intimate ones, exploit several behaviors system. joint include laughing [167.Dezecache G. Dunbar Sharing joke: laughter groups.Evol. 33: 775-779Crossref Scholar,168.Manninen opioid humans.J. Neurosci. 37: 6125-6131Crossref (47) singing [169.Pearce E. ice-breaker effect: mediates fast bonding.R. 2150221Crossref (45) Scholar,170.Weinstein D. al.Singing bonding: threshold size.Evol. 152-158Crossref (56) dancing [171.Tarr al.Naltrexone blocks endorphins released synchrony.Adapt. 241-254Crossref (8) Scholar,172.Tarr al.Synchrony exertion during dance independently raise encourage bonding.Biol. Lett. 1120150767Crossref (82) feasting storytelling [53.Dunbar al.Emotional arousal watching drama 3160288Crossref An feature synchrony ramp [172.Tarr Scholar,173.Cohen E.E.A. al.Rowers' high: behavioural correlated thresholds.Biol. 6: 106-108Crossref Primates Physical better-adjusted biomarkers physiological indexed systolic pressure, body mass index, C-reactive protein latter another molecular inflammation. insight evident (adolescents, adults, middle age) based databases [42.Yang Y.C. determinants span.Proc. 113: 578-583Crossref (161) adolescence, big inflammation activity. bigger hypertension usually cited clinical diabetes. Even worrying, measures good adolescence adulthood persist age. study 267 males, [43.Cundiff J.M. Matthews K.A. Friends benefits: early peer integration pressure obesity midlife.Psychol. 29: 814-823Crossref 6 index measure fatness) decades later. result held controlled race, childhood, parental socioeconomic status, childhood extraversion. pervasive connectivity. rats condition give humans), plasticity altered [44.Alquicer al.Postweaning enhances morphological neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion rat model psychosis.J. Neuroanat. 179-187Crossref 45.Barr A.M. al.Abnormalities presynaptic CDCrel-1 striatum reared isolation: relevance schizophrenia.Eur. 2004; 303-307Crossref 46.Ueno al.Region-specific impairments parvalbumin interneurons isolation-reared mice.Neuroscience. 359: 196-208Crossref (19) 47.Makinodan al.A critical period experience-dependent oligodendrocyte maturation myelination.Science. 337: 1357-1360Crossref (387) particular, episodes irretrievably alter prefrontal cortex (the managing relationships; see below), myelination laying fatty sheaths neurons enable them transmit signals efficiently) short periods rarely adverse outcomes, persistent escalates [48.Holwerda T.J. al.Feelings onset: Amsterdam Elderly (AMSTEL).J. Neurol. Neurosurg. 85:

Language: Английский

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Stress and adolescence: vulnerability and opportunity during a sensitive window of development

Current Opinion in Psychology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 44, P. 286 - 292

Published: Oct. 25, 2021

Language: Английский

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Genes, Environments, and Time: The Biology of Adversity and Resilience

PEDIATRICS, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 147(2)

Published: Jan. 25, 2021

Exposures to adverse environments, both psychosocial and physicochemical, are prevalent consequential across a broad range of childhood populations. Such adversity, especially early in life, conveys measurable risk learning behavior the foundations mental physical health. Using an interactive gene-environment-time (GET) framework, we survey independent roles genetic variation, environmental context, developmental timing light advances biology adversity resilience, as well new discoveries biomedical research. Drawing on this rich evidence base, identify 4 core concepts that provide powerful catalyst for fresh thinking about primary health care young children: (1) all biological systems inextricably integrated, continuously "reading" adapting environment "talking back" brain each other through highly regulated channels cross-system communication; (2) exposures induce alterations trajectories can lead persistent disruptions organ function structure; (3) children vary their sensitivity variation is influenced by interactions among factors, family community timing; (4) critical or sensitive periods unmatched windows opportunity positive negative influences multiple systems. These rapidly moving frontiers investigation framework new, science-informed promotion disease prevention period.

Language: Английский

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Understanding the relationships between physiological and psychosocial stress, cortisol and cognition

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: March 6, 2023

Stress is viewed as a state of real or perceived threat to homeostasis, the management which involves endocrine, nervous, and immune systems. These systems work independently interactively part stress response. The scientific literature, spans both animal human studies, contains heterogeneous findings about effects on brain body. This review seeks summarise integrate literature relationships between these systems, examining particularly roles physiological psychosocial stress, hormone cortisol, controlled by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, cognitive functioning. Health conditions related impaired HPA axis functioning their associated neuropsychiatric symptoms will also be considered. Lastly, this provide suggestions clinical applicability for endocrinologists who are uniquely placed measure outcomes nervous system identify areas intervention.

Language: Английский

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The effects of early life adversity on children’s mental health and cognitive functioning

Translational Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: June 10, 2022

Emerging evidence suggests that partially distinct mechanisms may underlie the association between different dimensions of early life adversity (ELA) and psychopathology in children adolescents. While there is minimal types ELA are associated with specific outcomes, unique cognitive socioemotional consequences increase transdiagnostic risk mental health problems across internalizing externalizing spectra. The current review provides an overview recent findings examining (e.g., language, executive function), attention bias, emotion regulation), correlates along threat/harshness, deprivation, unpredictability. We underscore similarities differences connecting to particular identify gaps future directions help clarify inconsistencies literature. This focuses on childhood adolescence, periods exquisite neurobiological change sensitivity environment. utility dimensional models better understanding mechanistic pathways towards expression discussed, supporting value such developmental sequelae ELA. Integration existing focused psychiatric classification biobehavioral advance our etiology, phenomenology, treatment difficulties youth.

Language: Английский

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Brain stars take the lead during critical periods of early postnatal brain development: relevance of astrocytes in health and mental disorders

Molecular Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 29(9), P. 2821 - 2833

Published: March 29, 2024

In the brain, astrocytes regulate shape and functions of synaptic vascular compartments through a variety released factors membrane-bound proteins. An imbalanced astrocyte activity can therefore have drastic negative impacts on brain development, leading to onset severe pathologies. Clinical pre-clinical studies show alterations in cell number, morphology, molecular makeup astrocyte-dependent processes different affected regions neurodevelopmental (ND) neuropsychiatric (NP) disorders. Astrocytes proliferate, differentiate mature during critical period early postnatal time window elevated glia-dependent regulation proper balance between synapse formation/elimination, which is pivotal refining connectivity. Therefore, any intrinsic and/or extrinsic altering these may result an aberrant remodeling mental The peculiar bridging position further allows them "compute" state consequently secrete bloodstream, serve as diagnostic biomarkers distinct healthy or disease conditions. Here, we collect recent advancements regarding astrogenesis astrocyte-mediated neuronal network periods focusing elimination. We then propose alternative hypotheses for involvement aberrancies ND NP light well-known differential prevalence certain disorders males females, also discuss putative sex-dependent influences events. From translational perspective, understanding age- astrocyte-specific functional changes help identify cellular (dys)functions health disease, favouring development tools selection tailored treatment options male/female patients.

Language: Английский

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A framework for understanding adverse adolescent experiences

Nature Human Behaviour, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 20, 2025

Language: Английский

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