Tumor microenvironment-responsive manganese-based nanomaterials for cancer treatment DOI
Huanhuan Fan, Zijian Guo

Coordination Chemistry Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 480, P. 215027 - 215027

Published: Jan. 16, 2023

Language: Английский

Cancer chemotherapy and beyond: Current status, drug candidates, associated risks and progress in targeted therapeutics DOI Creative Commons

Uttpal Anand,

Abhijit Dey, Arvind K. Singh Chandel

et al.

Genes & Diseases, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(4), P. 1367 - 1401

Published: March 18, 2022

Cancer is an abnormal state of cells where they undergo uncontrolled proliferation and produce aggressive malignancies that causes millions deaths every year. With the new understanding molecular mechanism(s) disease progression, our knowledge about snowballing, leading to evolution many therapeutic regimes their successive trials. In past few decades, various combinations therapies have been proposed are presently employed in treatment diverse cancers. Targeted drug therapy, immunotherapy, personalized medicines now largely being employed, which were not common a years back. The field cancer discoveries therapeutics evolving fast as type-specific biomarkers progressively identified several types cancers nowadays undergoing systematic therapies, extending patients' disease-free survival thereafter. Although growing evidence shows targeted approach could be future medicine, chemotherapy remains opted option despite its known side effects on patient's physical psychological health. Chemotherapeutic agents/pharmaceuticals served great purpose over decades remained frontline choice for advanced-stage surgery and/or radiation therapy cannot prescribed due specific reasons. present report succinctly reviews existing contemporary advancements assesses status enrolled drugs/pharmaceuticals; it also comprehensively discusses emerging role specific/targeted strategies achieve better clinical success/survival rate patients.

Language: Английский

Citations

746

Amplifying STING activation by cyclic dinucleotide–manganese particles for local and systemic cancer metalloimmunotherapy DOI
Xiaoqi Sun, Yu Zhang, Jiaqian Li

et al.

Nature Nanotechnology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 16(11), P. 1260 - 1270

Published: Sept. 30, 2021

Language: Английский

Citations

507

Pyroptosis: a new paradigm of cell death for fighting against cancer DOI Creative Commons
Yixin Tan,

Quanzhu Chen,

Xiaoling Li

et al.

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 40(1)

Published: May 3, 2021

Abstract Background Unraveling the mystery of cell death is one most fundamental progresses life sciences during past decades. Regulated (RCD) or programmed (PCD) not only essential in embryonic development, but also plays an important role occurrence and progression diseases, especially cancers. Escaping hallmarks cancer. Main body Pyroptosis inflammatory usually caused by microbial infection, accompanied activation inflammasomes maturation pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) interleukin-18 (IL-18). Gasdermin family proteins are executors pyroptosis. Cytotoxic N-terminal gasdermins generated from caspases granzymes proteases mediated cleavage gasdermin oligomerizes forms pore across membrane, leading to release IL-1β, IL-18. exerts tumor suppression function evokes anti-tumor immune responses. Therapeutic regimens, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy therapy, induce pyroptosis cancer, which potentiate local systemic immunity. On other hand, normal cells attributes side effects anti-cancer therapies. Conclusion In this review, we focus on regulatory mechanisms suppressive We discuss attribution reprogramming microenvironments restoration immunity its potential application cancer therapy.

Language: Английский

Citations

350

CAR T Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors: Bright Future or Dark Reality? DOI Creative Commons
Jessica Wagner, Elizabeth Wickman, Christopher DeRenzo

et al.

Molecular Therapy, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 28(11), P. 2320 - 2339

Published: Sept. 16, 2020

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has garnered significant excitement due to its success for hematological malignancies in clinical studies leading the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of three CD19-targeted CAR products. In contrast, experience with solid tumors brain been less encouraging, only a few patients achieving complete responses. Clinical preclinical have identified multiple "roadblocks," including (1) limited array targetable antigens heterogeneous expression, (2) fitness survival before reaching tumor sites, (3) an inability cells efficiently traffic sites penetrate physical barriers, (4) immunosuppressive microenvironment. Herein, we review these challenges discuss strategies that investigators taken improve effector function adoptive immunotherapy tumors. Adoptive therapies utilizing expressing chimeric receptors (CARs) propelled forefront experimental their targeting range antigens, CD19, CD22, CD30, kappa, B maturation (BCMA).1Porter D.L. Levine B.L. Kalos M. Bagg A. June C.H. receptor-modified chronic lymphoid leukemia.N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 365: 725-733Crossref PubMed Scopus (2158) Google Scholar, 2Grupp S.A. Barrett D. Aplenc R. Porter Rheingold S.R. Teachey D.T. Chew Hauck B. Wright J.F. et al.Chimeric acute 2013; 368: 1509-1518Crossref (1949) 3Maude S.L. Frey N. Shaw P.A. D.M. Bunin N.J. Gonzalez V.E. Zheng Z. Lacey S.F. sustained remissions 2014; 371: 1507-1517Crossref (2496) 4Fry T.J. Shah N.N. Orentas R.J. Stetler-Stevenson Yuan C.M. Ramakrishna S. Wolters P. Martin Delbrook C. Yates al.CD22-targeted induce remission B-ALL is naive or resistant immunotherapy.Nat. 2018; 24: 20-28Crossref (399) 5Gardner R.A. Finney O. Annesley Brakke H. Summers Leger K. Bleakley Brown Mgebroff Kelly-Spratt K.S. al.Intent-to-treat leukemia by CD19 defined formulation dose children young adults.Blood. 2017; 129: 3322-3331Crossref (11) 6Ramos C.A. Grover N.S. Beaven A.W. Lulla P.D. Wu M.F. Ivanova Wang T. Shea T.C. Rooney Dittus al.Anti-CD30 CAR-T relapsed refractory Hodgkin lymphoma.J. Clin. Oncol. 2020; (Published online July 23, 2020. 10.1200/JCO.20.01342)Crossref 7Ramos Savoldo Torrano V. Ballard Zhang Dakhova Liu E. Carrum G. Kamble R.T. Gee A.P. al.Clinical responses lymphocytes malignancy-associated κ light chains.J. Invest. 2016; 126: 2588-2596Crossref (134) 8Raje Berdeja Lin Y. Siegel Jagannath Madduri Liedtke Rosenblatt Maus M.V. Turka al.Anti-BCMA T-cell bb2121 myeloma.N. 2019; 380: 1726-1737Crossref (249) 9Turtle C.J. Hanafi L.A. Berger Hudecek Pender Robinson Hawkins Chaney Cherian Chen X. al.Immunotherapy non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ratio CD8+ CD4+ CD19-specific cells.Sci. Transl. 8: 355ra116Crossref (421) 10Kochenderfer J.N. Somerville R.P.T. Lu Yang J.C. Sherry R.M. Feldman McIntyre L. Bot Rossi Lam Rosenberg Long-duration diffuse large after anti-CD19 therapy.Mol. Ther. 25: 2245-2253Abstract Full Text PDF (114) Scholar The landscape malignancies, successes challenges, subject recent reviews.11Holstein Lunning M.A. hematologic malignancies: voyage progress.Clin. Pharmacol. 107: 112-122Crossref (0) 12Boyiadzis M.M. Dhodapkar Brentjens Kochenderfer Neelapu S.S. Maloney D.G. Grupp Mackall C.L. treatment perspective significance.J. Immunother. Cancer. 6: 137Crossref (48) 13Majzner R.G. lessons learned from first leg journey.Nat. 1341-1355Crossref (58) We therefore do not detail, except highlighting "lessons learned" as they relate tumors, First, can eradicate chemorefractory cancer regardless underlying oncogenic driver mutations; second, lymphodepleting chemotherapy at present sine qua non enable expansion persistence infused cells; third, inclusion least one co-stimulatory signaling domain critical success; fourth: loss variants emerged mechanism therapeutic failure, even are highly homogeneously expressed such CD19; fifth, side effects, cytokine release syndrome (CRS) neurotoxicity.11Holstein 14Neelapu Tummala Kebriaei Wierda W. Locke F.L. Jain Daver Gulbis A.M. Adkins al.Toxicity management therapy: size does fit "ALL".Nat. Rev. 15: 218Crossref 15Lee D.W. Santomasso B.D. Ghobadi Turtle Brudno Park J.H. Mead Pavletic al.ASTCT consensus grading neurologic toxicity associated immune cells.Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 625-638Abstract (307) contrast shown antitumor activity early phase testing despite variety target types.16Goff Morgan Robbins P.F. Restifo N.P. Y.C. al.Pilot trial transfer receptor-transduced EGFRvIII glioblastoma.J. 42: 126-135Crossref 17O'Rourke Nasrallah M.P. Desai Melenhorst J.J. Mansfield Morrissette J.J.D. Martinez-Lage Brem Shen al.A single peripherally EGFRvIII-directed mediates induces adaptive resistance recurrent glioblastoma.Sci. 9 (eaaa0984)PubMed 18Morgan Kitano Dudley M.E. Laurencot Case report serious adverse event following administration transduced recognizing ERBB2.Mol. 2010; 18: 843-851Abstract (1312) 19Lamers Sleijfer Vulto A.G. Kruit W.H. Kliffen Debets Gratama J.W. Stoter Oosterwijk Treatment metastatic renal carcinoma autologous T-lymphocytes genetically retargeted against carbonic anhydrase IX: experience.J. 2006; e20-e22Crossref (597) 20Lamers van Steenbergen Elzakker Krimpen Groot den Bakker CAIX CAR-engineered cells: evaluation on-target toxicity.Mol. 21: 904-912Abstract (359) 21Kershaw M.H. Westwood J.A. Parker L.L. Eshhar Mavroukakis White D.E. Wunderlich J.R. Canevari Rogers-Freezer I study on using gene-modified ovarian cancer.Clin. Cancer Res. 12: 6106-6115Crossref (733) 22Brown C.E. Alizadeh Starr Weng Wagner Naranjo Ostberg Blanchard M.S. Kilpatrick Simpson al.Regression glioblastoma therapy.N. 375: 2561-2569Crossref 23Ahmed Brawley V.S. Hegde Robertson Ghazi Gerken Ashoori Corder al.Human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)-specific HER2-positive sarcoma.J. 2015; 33: 1688-1696Crossref (444) 24Wang Tong Dai Guo Huang Lv Luo al.CD133-directed advanced metastasis trial.OncoImmunology. 7: e1440169Crossref (60) 25Thistlethwaite F.C. Gilham Guest R.D. Rothwell Pillai Burt D.J. Byatte A.J. Kirillova Valle Sharma S.K. al.The efficacy first-generation carcinoembryonic (CEACAM5)-specific poor transient pre-conditioning-dependent respiratory toxicity.Cancer Immunol. 66: 1425-1436Crossref (94) 26Ahmed Bielamowicz Kalra Landi Gray T.L. Diouf Wakefield al.HER2-specific virus-specific progressive glioblastoma: 1 dose-escalation trial.JAMA 3: 1094-1101Crossref (187) This failure most likely multifactorial includes design generation, expression (aka "antigen dilemma"), fitness, inefficient homing penetration (5) hostile microenvironment (TME) (Figure 1).27Rafiq Hackett C.S. Engineering overcome current roadblocks therapy.Nat. 17: 147-167Crossref (46) 28Rodriguez-Garcia Palazon Noguera-Ortega Powell Jr., Guedan hit microenvironment: escape.Front. 11: 1109Crossref 29Schmidts Making option tumors.Front. 9: 2593Crossref 30Knochelmann H.M. Smith A.S. Dwyer Wyatt Mehrotra Paulos tumors: blueprints building effective therapies.Front. 1740Crossref design, genetic approaches aforementioned roadblocks. Since allogeneic mainly explored studies, refer interested reader recently published reviews.31Depil Duchateau Mufti Poirot "Off-the-shelf" development challenges.Nat. Discov. 19: 185-199Crossref (47) Scholar,32Qasim Allogeneic leukemia.Am. Hematol. 94: S50-S54Crossref (10) also CRS neurotoxicity since several reviews covered this topic.14Neelapu Scholar,33Frey Cytokine therapy.Biol. e123-e127Abstract CARs modular consists antigen-binding domain, commonly single-chain variable fragment (scFv) derived monoclonal antibody (mAb), hinge transmembrane intracellular domain.27Rafiq Scholar,34Kuwana Asakura Utsunomiya Nakanishi Arata Itoh Nagase F. Kurosawa Expression composed immunoglobulin-derived V regions receptor-derived C regions.Biochem. Biophys. 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Kao Bosshard-Carter al.Flexible ErbB dimers drive tumorigenesis engineered cells.Mol. 2012; 565-576Crossref (54) While recognize epitopes proteins major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner, scFvs incorporated into peptide context human leukocyte (HLA) molecule.41Ma Q. Garber H.R. He Tallis Ding Sergeeva Wood Salvado novel TCR-like specificity PR1/HLA-A2 effectively targets myeloid vitro when adult peripheral blood cord cells.Cytotherapy. 985-994Abstract 42Rafiq Purdon Daniyan A.F. Koneru Dao Scheinberg D.A. Optimized receptor-mimic directed toward Wilms antigen.Leukemia. 31: 1788-1797Crossref 43Maus Plotkin Jakka Stewart-Jones Rivière I. Merghoub Wolchok Renner An MHC-restricted antibody-based requires affinity maintain specificity.Mol. Oncolytics. 1-9PubMed approach allows molecules, it renders recognition dependent particular HLA type, restricting application subset patients. addition, become sensitive decreased defects processing pathway, both pathways used actively evade responses.44Töpfer Kempe Müller Schmitz Bachmann Cartellieri Schackert Temme Tumor evasion surveillance.J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2011: 918471Crossref First-generation contained utilized CD3ζ.37June Scholar,38Dotti optimal relies co-stimulation, were included CARs. Initial focused canonical CD28 41BB.37June then, broad explored, OX40, CD27, ICOS.37June Scholar,45Rafiq Yeku O.O. Jackson H.J. Leeuwen Drakes Song Miele Li al.Targeted delivery PD-1-blocking scFv enhances anti-tumor vivo.Nat. 36: 847-856Crossref (161) 46Hombach A.A. Abken Costimulation revisited response benefits combined CD28-OX40 signalling.Int. 2935-2944Crossref (93) 47Collinson-Pautz M.R. Chang W.C. Khalil Crisostomo P.Y. Mahendravada Shinners Brandt al.Constitutively active MyD88/CD40 costimulation malignancies.Leukemia. 2195-2207Crossref (14) 48Guedan Madar Carpenito McGettigan Frigault M.J. Lee Posey A.D. Scholler al.ICOS-based program bipolar TH17/TH1 cells.Blood. 124: 1070-1080Crossref (162) 49Nair J.B. Tsao S.T. Zhu Slayton W.B. Moreb J.S. Dong L.J. Functional improvement intrinsic interleukin-15Rα signaling.Curr. Gene 40-53Crossref (7) 41BB co-stimulation extensively studied, detailed phosphoproteomic single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses.50Salter A.I. Ivey Kennedy Voillet Rajan Alderman E.J. Voytovich U.J. Sommermeyer al.Phosphoproteomic analysis reveals kinetic quantitative differences affect function.Sci. Signal. eaat6753Crossref 51Boroughs Larson R.C. Marjanovic N.D. Gosik Castano C.B.M. Lorrey Ashenberg Jerby Hofree distinct transcriptional bearing 4-1BB revealed scRNA-seq.Mol. 25, 2020)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.07.023Abstract 52Xhangolli Dura Kim Xiao Fan Single-cell mixed TH1/TH2 independent differentiation.Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics. 129-139Crossref (13) They activate different within cells, promoting glycolytic metabolism memory phenotype, signaling, which oxidative central phenotype.53Kawalekar O.U. O' Connor R.S. Fraietta Patel P.R. Keith al.Distinct coreceptors regulates specific impacts cells.Immunity. 44: 712Abstract (36) Depending number either designated second (one domain) third (two domains) generation. benefit two model-dependent.54Quintarelli Orlando Boffa Guercio Polito V.A. Petretto Lavarello Sinibaldi Weber Del Bufalo al.Choice costimulatory determines neuroblastoma.OncoImmunology. e1433518Crossref (37) Scholar,55Zhao Condomines der S.J.C. Perna Kloss C.C. Gunset Structural rejection kinetics cells.Cancer Cell. 28: 415-428Abstract (288) Results study, comparing CD28-CAR versus CD28.41BB-CAR suggest third-generation endow greater ability expand infusion humans.56Ramos Rouce Reyna Narala Vyas Mehta al.In vivo fate second- lymphomas.Mol. 26: 2727-2737Abstract (52) Optimizing remains challenge there intricate interplay between (antigen nonfunctional components (hinge CARs.57Guest R.E. Cheadle Arnold O'Neill Irlam Chester K.A. Kemshead J.T. role extracellular spacer receptors: four antigens.J. 2005; 203-211Crossref Scholar,58Majzner Rietberg S.P. Sotillo Vachharajani V.T. Labanieh Myklebust Kadapakkam E.W. Tousley al.Tuning density requirement activity.Cancer 10: 702-723Crossref (17) location epitope targeted molecule activity.59Hudecek Lupo-Stanghellini M.T. Kosasih P.L. Jensen M.C. Rader Riddell Receptor modifications ROR1-specific cells.Clin. 3153-3164Crossref (246) For example, proximal plasma membrane than distal epitopes.57Guest Scholar,59Hudecek Scholar,60James Greenberg Till B.G. Raubitschek Forman Press O.W. Antigen sensitivity CD22-specific TCR modulated distance membrane.J. 2008; 180: 7028-7038Crossref (126) Studies highlighted too much detrimental function. mutated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based motifs (ITAMs) CD3ζ chain improved function.61Feucht Sun Eyquem Ho Y.J. Zhao Leibold Dobrin Cabriolu Hamieh Calibration potential directs alternative fates potency.Nat. 82-88Crossref (81) excessive effects,62Wijewarnasuriya Bebernitz Lopez A.V. Rafiq Excessive leads dysfunction adoptively transferred 732-742Crossref mutations YMXM motif reduce function.63Guedan Casado-Medrano Wing Young Single residue CD28-costimulated limits long-term durability.J. 130: 3087-3097Crossref (12) activation, baseline tonic) activity.64Long A.H. Haso W.M. Shern Wanhainen K.M. Murgai Ingaramo J.P. Walker Kohler Venkateshwara V.R. al.4-1BB ameliorates exhaustion induced tonic receptors.Nat. 581-590Crossref (528) Scholar,65Gomes-Silva Mukherjee Srinivasan Krenciute Cabral J.M.S. Orange Mamonkin Tonic impedes vector-dependent.Cell Rep. 17-26Abstract (80) Recently, studying immunological synapse formed correlated formation effectiveness.66Xiong Kang Hsu Y.H. Jang Qin Immunological predicts effectiveness 963-975Abstract (35) Scholar,67Davenport Cross Watson Liao Shi Prince Beavis Trapani Kershaw Ritchie D.S. form nonclassical potent synapses driving rapid cytotoxicity.Proc. 115: E2068-E2076Crossref (69) Lastly, limit

Language: Английский

Citations

294

The Impact of the Tumor Microenvironment on Macrophage Polarization in Cancer Metastatic Progression DOI Open Access
Huogang Wang, Mingo M. H. Yung, Hys Ngan

et al.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(12), P. 6560 - 6560

Published: June 18, 2021

Rather than primary solid tumors, metastasis is one of the hallmarks most cancer deaths. Metastasis a multistage event in which cells escape from tumor survive circulation and disseminate to distant sites. According Stephen Paget's "Seed Soil" hypothesis, metastatic capacity determined not only by internal oncogenic driving force but also external environment cells. Throughout body, macrophages are required for maintaining tissue homeostasis, even milieu. To fulfill these multiple functions, polarized inflammation status (M1-like) anti-inflammation (M2-like) maintain balance between regeneration. However, cell-enforced tumor-associated (TAMs) (a high M2/M1 ratio status) associated with poor prognosis such as ovarian cancer. In fact, clinical evidence has verified that TAMs, representing up 50% mass, exert both protumor immunosuppressive effects promoting through secretion interleukin 10 (IL10), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), VEGF, expression PD-1 consumption arginine inhibit T cell anti-tumor function. underlying molecular mechanisms microenvironment favors reprogramming TAMs establish premetastatic niche remain controversial. this review, we examine latest investigations during development, microenvironmental factors involved macrophage polarization, TAM-mediated metastasis. We hope dissect critical roles metastasis, potential applications TAM-targeted therapeutic strategies treatment discussed.

Language: Английский

Citations

183

Spatial genomics enables multi-modal study of clonal heterogeneity in tissues DOI
Tongtong Zhao, Zachary Chiang, Julia W. Morriss

et al.

Nature, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 601(7891), P. 85 - 91

Published: Dec. 15, 2021

Language: Английский

Citations

183

Ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis in the tumor microenvironment: Perspectives for immunotherapy of SCLC DOI
Xing Niu, Lijie Chen, Yan Li

et al.

Seminars in Cancer Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 86, P. 273 - 285

Published: March 12, 2022

Language: Английский

Citations

177

Necroptosis-Related lncRNAs: Predicting Prognosis and the Distinction between the Cold and Hot Tumors in Gastric Cancer DOI Creative Commons
Zirui Zhao, Haohan Liu, Xingyu Zhou

et al.

Journal of Oncology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 2021, P. 1 - 16

Published: Nov. 8, 2021

In the face of poor prognosis and immunotherapy failure gastric cancer (GC), this project tried to find new potential biomarkers for predicting precision medication ameliorate situation. To form synthetic matrices, we retrieved stomach adenocarcinoma transcriptome data from Genotype-Tissue Expression Project (GTEx) The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Necroptosis-related prognostic lncRNA was identified by coexpression analysis univariate Cox regression. Then performed least absolute shrinkage selection operator (LASSO) construct necroptosis-related model. Next, Kaplan-Meier analysis, time-dependent receiver operating characteristics (ROC), (uni-Cox) regression, multivariate (multi-Cox) nomogram, calibration curves were made verify evaluate Gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA), principal component (PCA), immune prediction half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in risk groups also analyzed. For further discussing between cold hot tumors, divided entire into two clusters based on lncRNAs. We constructed a model with 16 model, found plots showed good concordance prediction. area's 1-, 2-, 3-year OS under ROC curve (AUC) 0.726, 0.763, 0.770, respectively. Risk could be guide systemic treatment because significantly different IC50 groups. Above all, help distinguish tumors effectively contribute precise mediation. Cluster 2 as tumor more susceptible immunotherapeutic drugs. results supported that lncRNAs predict make distinction improving individual therapy GC.

Language: Английский

Citations

174

Cancer immunotherapies: advances and bottlenecks DOI Creative Commons
Rui Rui, Liqun Zhou, Shiming He

et al.

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Aug. 24, 2023

Immunotherapy has ushered in a new era cancer treatment, and immunotherapy continues to be rejuvenated. The clinical goal of is prime host immune system provide passive or active immunity against malignant tumors. Tumor infiltrating leukocytes (TILs) play an immunomodulatory role tumor microenvironment (TME) which closely related escape cells, thus influence progress. Several immunotherapies, include checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), vaccine, adoptive cell transfer (ACT), have shown great efficacy promise. In this review, we will summarize the recent research advances immunotherapy, including molecular mechanisms effects as well limitations immunotherapy.

Language: Английский

Citations

170

Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma: Current Progress and Challenges DOI Creative Commons
Miranda W. Yu,

Daniela F. Quail

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: May 13, 2021

Glioblastoma is a highly lethal brain cancer with median survival rate of less than 15 months when treated the current standard care, which consists surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. With recent success immunotherapy in other aggressive cancers such as advanced melanoma non-small cell lung cancer, glioblastoma has been brought to forefront research. Resistance therapy major challenge across multitude experimental candidates no immunotherapies have approved for to-date. Intra- inter-tumoral heterogeneity, an inherently immunosuppressive environment tumor plasticity remain barriers be overcome. Moreover, unique tissue-specific interactions between central nervous system peripheral immune present additional immune-based therapies. Nevertheless, there sufficient evidence that these challenges may overcome, continues actively pursued glioblastoma. Herein, we review primary ongoing focus on checkpoint inhibitors, myeloid-targeted therapies, vaccines chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) immunotherapies. We further provide insight mechanisms resistance how our understanding pave way more effective immunotherapeutics against

Language: Английский

Citations

152