Post‐traumatic stress disorder: evolving conceptualization and evidence, and future research directions

World Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 24(1), P. 52 - 80

Published: Jan. 15, 2025

The understanding of responses to traumatic events has been greatly influenced by the introduction diagnosis post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this paper we review initial versions diagnostic criteria for condition and associated epidemiological findings, including sociocultural differences. We consider evidence reactions occurring in multiple contexts not previously defined as traumatic, implications that these observations have diagnosis. More recent developments such DSM‐5 dissociative subtype ICD‐11 complex PTSD are reviewed, adding there several distinct phenotypes. describe psychological foundations PTSD, involving disturbances memory well identity. A broader focus on identity may be able accommodate group communal influences experience trauma impact resource loss. then summarize current concerning biological with a particular genetic neuroimaging studies. Whereas progress prevention disappointing, is now an extensive supporting efficacy variety treatments established trauma‐focused interventions – cognitive behavior therapy (TF‐CBT) eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) non‐trauma‐focused therapies, which also include some emerging identity‐based approaches present‐centered compassion‐focused therapies. Additionally, promising neither nor pharmacological, or combine pharmacological approach, 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐assisted psychotherapy. advances priority areas adapting resource‐limited settings across cultural contexts, community‐based approaches. conclude identifying future directions work mental health.

Language: Английский

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Decreased CO2 saturation during circular breathwork supports emergence of altered states of consciousness

Communications Psychology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 3(1)

Published: April 13, 2025

Altered states of consciousness (ASCs), induced e.g. during psychedelic-assisted therapy, show potential to treat prevalent mental health disorders like depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. However, access such treatments is restricted by legal, medical, financial barriers. Circular breathwork may present a non-pharmacological hence more accessible alternative engage similar therapeutic processes. Scientific studies are only just emerging its physiological psychological mechanisms largely unknown. Here, we track experiential dynamics throughout session, comparing two forms breathwork: Holotropic Conscious-Connected breathwork. We that reduction in end-tidal CO2 pressure due deliberate hyperventilation significantly correlated ASC onset (r = -0.46; p < 0.001). Based on standard questionnaires (MEQ-30 11-DASC), the ASCs evoked resembled those produced psychedelics across several domains as ego dissolution, their depth predicted follow-on effects, including improved well-being reduced depressive symptoms. Further analysis showed different approaches highly outcomes. Our findings identify boundary conditions for arise context, shedding light functional well psychotherapeutic tool.

Language: Английский

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Breathwork Interventions for Adults with Clinically Diagnosed Anxiety Disorders: A Scoping Review

Brain Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(2), P. 256 - 256

Published: Feb. 2, 2023

Anxiety disorders are the most common group of mental disorders, but they often underrecognized and undertreated in primary care. Dysfunctional breathing is a hallmark anxiety disorders; however, mainstays treatments do not tackle patients suffering anxiety. This scoping review aims to identify nature extent available research literature on efficacy breathwork interventions for adults with clinically diagnosed using DSM-5 classification system. Using PRISMA extension reviews, search PubMed, Embase, Scopus was conducted terms related interventions. Only clinical studies (without combination other interventions) performed adult an disorder system were included. From 1081 articles identified across three databases, sixteen included review. A range yielded significant improvements symptoms disorders. The results around role hyperventilation treatment contradictory few examined studies. evidence-based supports utility discusses effective options protocols that feasible accessible Current gaps knowledge future directions have also been identified.

Language: Английский

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Sleep duration and social jetlag in healthy adolescents. Association with anxiety, depression, and chronotype: a pilot study

Sleep And Breathing, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 28(4), P. 1541 - 1551

Published: March 28, 2024

Language: Английский

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Breathing Practices for Stress and Anxiety Reduction: Conceptual Framework of Implementation Guidelines Based on a Systematic Review of the Published Literature

Brain Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(12), P. 1612 - 1612

Published: Nov. 21, 2023

Anxiety and stress plague populations worldwide. Voluntary regulated breathing practices offer a tool to address this epidemic. We examined peer-reviewed published literature understand effective approaches implementation of these practices. PubMed ScienceDirect were searched identify clinical trials evaluating isolated breathing-based interventions with psychometric stress/anxiety outcomes. Two independent reviewers conducted all screening data extraction. Of 2904 unique articles, 731 abstracts, 181 full texts screened, 58 met the inclusion criteria. Fifty-four studies' 72 effective. Components ineffective evaluated develop conceptual framework factors associated reduction effectiveness. Effective breath avoided fast-only paces sessions <5 min, while including human-guided training, multiple sessions, long-term practice. Population, other paces, session duration ≥5 group versus individual or at-home not Analysis that did fit revealed extensive standing, interruptions, involuntary diaphragmatic obstruction, inadequate training for highly technical may render otherwise promising ineffective. Following evidence-based can help maximize benefits Future research is warranted further refine easily accessible intervention relief.

Language: Английский

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High ventilation breathwork practices: An overview of their effects, mechanisms, and considerations for clinical applications

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 155, P. 105453 - 105453

Published: Nov. 2, 2023

High Ventilation Breathwork (HVB) refers to practices employing specific volitional manipulation of breathing, with a long history use relieve various forms psychological distress. This paper seeks offer consolidative insight into potential clinical application HVB as treatment psychiatric disorders. We thus review the characteristic phenomenological and neurophysiological effects these inform their mechanism therapeutic action, safety profiles future applications. Clinical observations data from studies indicate that is associated extraordinary changes in subjective experience, well profound on central autonomic nervous systems functions through modulation neurometabolic parameters interoceptive sensory systems. growing evidence base may guide how can be understood, potentially harnessed context such perturbation psychophysiological state. Reports putative beneficial for trauma-related, affective, somatic disorders invite further research obtain detailed mechanistic knowledge, rigorous testing uses.

Language: Английский

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The Stress Phenotyping Framework: A multidisciplinary biobehavioral approach for assessing and therapeutically targeting maladaptive stress physiology

Stress, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 27(1)

Published: May 6, 2024

Although dysregulated stress biology is becoming increasingly recognized as a key driver of lifelong disparities in chronic disease, we presently have no validated biomarkers toxic physiology; biological, behavioral, or cognitive treatments specifically focused on normalizing processes; and agreed-upon guidelines for treating the clinic evaluating efficacy interventions that seek to reduce improve human functioning. We address these critical issues by (a) systematically describing systems mechanisms are stress; (b) summarizing indicators, biomarkers, instruments assessing response systems; (c) highlighting therapeutic approaches can be used normalize stress-related biopsychosocial also present novel multidisciplinary Stress Phenotyping Framework bring researchers clinicians one step closer realizing goal using precision medicine-based prevent treat stress-associated health problems.

Language: Английский

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Neuroimmune recognition and regulation in the respiratory system

European Respiratory Review, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 33(172), P. 240008 - 240008

Published: April 30, 2024

Neuroimmune recognition and regulation in the respiratory system is a complex highly coordinated process involving interactions between nervous immune systems to detect respond pathogens, pollutants other potential hazards tract. This interaction helps maintain health integrity of system. Therefore, understanding critical maintaining lung developing treatments for diseases. In this review, we summarise projection distribution different types neurons (trigeminal nerve, glossopharyngeal vagus spinal dorsal root sympathetic nerve) We also introduce several cells epithelium that closely interact with nerves (pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, brush solitary chemosensory tastebuds). These are primarily located at key positions tract, where project them, forming neuroepithelial units, thus enhancing ability neural recognition. Furthermore, roles played by these sensing or responding specific pathogens (influenza, severe acute syndrome coronavirus 2, syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, herpes viruses, Sendai parainfluenza

Language: Английский

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Virtual Reality Breathing Interventions for Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 49(1), P. 1 - 21

Published: Jan. 18, 2024

Abstract Breathing exercises have been shown to reduce mental health problems among clinical and non-clinical populations. Although virtual reality (VR) breathing interventions are assumed potential benefits, it remains unclear whether VR more effective at improving than non-VR interventions. We conducted a systematic literature search in six electronic databases (Web of Science, PsycINFO, Embase, Cochrane Central Register Controlled Trials, Scopus, PubMed) from inception 30th September, 2022. included randomized controlled trials adults evaluating effects compared on primary outcomes (stress, anxiety mood), secondary physiological stress measures (e.g., heart rate (HR), variability (HRV)). Within these selected studies, we explored differences likeability future use between 2.848 records were identified which 65 full-text articles assessed. Six RCTs included, five suitable for meta-analyses. Comparing interventions, there no significant overall health, stress, or mood, nor HR HRV. There was evidence that participants liked non-VR, would them the future. These results suggest is outcomes, HR, Further research required determine may be advantages longer-term VR-implementation practice, explore possible mechanisms.

Language: Английский

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A Systematic Review of Breathing Exercise Interventions: An Integrative Complementary Approach for Anxiety and Stress in Adult Populations

Journal of Holistic Nursing, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Aug. 16, 2024

Aim: Nurses are well-qualified to deliver integrative complementary therapy interventions, a holistic approach assist individuals experiencing anxiety and stress. Self-regulated, controlled breathing exercises (a clinical approach) reported decrease increase stress tolerance. The aim of this systematic review was evaluate the effectiveness exercise interventions on psychological physiologic outcomes among adults assess state science in post-COVID-19 population. Methods: A conducted, four scientific databases were searched: PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web Science. Inclusion criteria included: (1) peer-reviewed studies, (2) over 18, (3) (4) or as outcomes. Results: Out 309 studies identified, 19 included. Twelve significant improvements nine following varying ( p < .05). No adverse events reported. Conclusions: Breathing found be effective reducing adults, however, there continues limited evidence that includes large randomized trials. care can safely implemented by nurses symptomatology including post-COVID

Language: Английский

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