Sex diversity in the 21st century: Concepts, frameworks, and approaches for the future of neuroendocrinology
Hormones and Behavior,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
157, P. 105445 - 105445
Published: Nov. 17, 2023
Sex
is
ubiquitous
and
variable
throughout
the
animal
kingdom.
Historically,
scientists
have
used
reductionist
methodologies
that
rely
on
a
priori
sex
categorizations,
in
which
two
discrete
sexes
are
inextricably
linked
with
gamete
type.
However,
this
binarized
operationalization
does
not
adequately
reflect
diversity
of
observed
nature.
This
due,
part,
to
fact
exists
across
many
levels
biological
analysis,
including
genetic,
molecular,
cellular,
morphological,
behavioral,
population
levels.
Furthermore,
mechanisms
governing
embedded
complex
networks
dynamically
interact
other
systems.
To
produce
most
accurate
scientifically
rigorous
work
examining
neuroendocrinology
capture
full
range
variability
present
systems,
we
must
critically
assess
frameworks,
experimental
designs,
analytical
methods
our
research.
In
perspective
piece,
first
propose
new
conceptual
framework
guide
integrative
study
sex.
Then,
provide
practical
guidance
research
approaches
for
studying
sex-associated
variables,
factors
consider
design,
selection
model
organisms,
methodologies,
statistical
analyses.
We
invite
fellow
conscientiously
apply
these
modernized
advance
understanding
encourage
academically
socially
responsible
outcomes
work.
By
expanding
frameworks
methodological
sex,
will
gain
insight
into
unique
ways
organization
vast
array
Language: Английский
Beta distribution-based monogamous pairs genetic algorithm for knowledge transfer in many-task optimization
Knowledge-Based Systems,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. 113361 - 113361
Published: March 1, 2025
Language: Английский
Expression of Sex‐Steroid Receptors and Sex Differences of Otp Glutamatergic Neurons of the Medial Extended Amygdala
The Journal of Comparative Neurology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
533(4)
Published: April 1, 2025
The
medial
extended
amygdala
(EAme)
is
part
of
the
social
behavior
network
and
its
subdivisions
show
expression
sex-steroid
receptors,
which
participate
in
regulation
sexually
dimorphic
behaviors.
However,
EAme
are
highly
heterogeneous
terms
neuron
subtypes,
with
different
subpopulations
being
involved
aspects
non-social
To
further
understand
role
neurons
their
contribution
to
sexual
differences,
here
we
studied
one
major
subtypes
glutamatergic
neurons,
those
derived
from
telencephalon-opto-hypothalamic
domain
that
coexpress
Otp
Foxg1
genes
during
development.
Our
results
showed
vast
majority
bed
nucleus
stria
terminalis
(BSTM)
both
sexes
express
Ar,
Esr1
(ERα),
Esr2
(ERβ)
mRNA.
Moreover,
high
percentage
receptors
(between
93%
100%)
indicates
probably
coexpressing
three
receptors.
In
addition,
posterodorsal
have
a
larger
soma
occupy
more
space
males
than
females.
These
other
features
regarding
likely
contribute
some
behaviors
regulated
by
EAme.
Language: Английский
Androgen Inhibition of Reproductive Neuroendocrine Function in Females and Transgender Males
Endocrinology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
165(10)
Published: Aug. 27, 2024
Ovarian
function
is
controlled
by
pituitary
secretion
of
luteinizing
hormone
(LH)
and
follicle
stimulating
(FSH),
which
in
turn
are
governed
gonadotropin
releasing
(GnRH)
secreted
from
the
brain.
A
fundamental
principle
reproductive
axis
regulation
negative
feedback
signaling
gonadal
sex
steroids
back
to
brain
fine-tune
GnRH
secretion.
Endogenous
effects
can
be
mimicked
exogenous
steroid
treatments,
including
androgens,
both
sexes.
Indeed,
a
growing
number
clinical
animal
studies
indicate
that
high
levels
typically
male
physiological
range,
inhibit
LH
females,
as
occurs
males.
However,
mechanisms
male-level
androgens
still
remain
poorly
understood,
this
knowledge
gap
particularly
pronounced
transgender
men
(individuals
designated
female
at
birth
but
identifying
male).
many
take
long-term
gender-affirming
therapy
mimics
testosterone
levels.
The
impact
such
on
axis,
ovarian
neuroendocrine
level,
long-understudied
area
requires
further
investigation.
Importantly,
few
concepts
androgen
actions
females
mostly
come
polycystic
ovary
syndrome,
does
not
recapitulate
similar
milieu
or
pathophysiology
inhibited
testosterone-treated
men.
This
review
summarizes
evidence
indicating
impair
individuals
highlights
emerging
experimental
data
supporting
recently
developed
rodent
models.
Language: Английский
Revisiting the specific and potentially independent role of the gonad in hormone regulation and reproductive behavior
Journal of Experimental Biology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
227(21)
Published: Nov. 1, 2024
ABSTRACT
Gonadal
sex
steroid
hormones
are
well-studied
modulators
of
reproductive
physiology
and
behavior.
Recent
behavioral
endocrinology
research
has
focused
on
how
the
brain
dynamically
responds
to
–
may
even
produce
steroids,
but
gonadal
tissues
that
primarily
release
these
receive
much
less
attention
as
a
potential
mediator
variation.
This
Commentary
revisits
mechanisms
by
which
hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal
(HPG)
axis
can
be
modulated
specifically
at
level.
These
include
those
allow
gonad
regulated
independently
HPG
axis,
such
receptors
for
non-HPG
hormones,
neural
inputs
local
production
conventional
‘neuropeptides'.
Here,
I
highlight
studies
examine
variation
in
diverse
taxa,
with
an
emphasis
recent
transcriptomic
work.
then
outline
future
work
establish
functional
roles
behavior
evaluate
responsiveness
environmental
cues.
When
integrated
mechanisms,
further
investigation
hormone
regulation
yield
new
insight
into
control
evolution
steroid-mediated
traits,
including
Language: Английский