Conceptual issues in local adaptation

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2004, Volume and Issue: 7(12), P. 1225 - 1241

Published: Nov. 12, 2004

Abstract Studies of local adaptation provide important insights into the power natural selection relative to gene flow and other evolutionary forces. They are a paradigm for testing hypotheses about traits favoured by particular environmental factors. This paper is an attempt summarize conceptual framework studies. We first review theoretical work relevant adaptation. Then we discuss reciprocal transplant common garden experiments designed detect in pattern deme × habitat interaction fitness. Finally, research questions approaches studying processes – divergent selection, dispersal flow, affecting adaptive differentiation demes. advocate multifaceted study adaptation, stress need explicitly addressing role ecological genetic factors that promote or hinder Experimental evolution replicated populations controlled spatially heterogeneous environments allow direct tests such hypotheses, thus would be valuable way complement on populations.

Language: Английский

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Out Of The Quagmire Of Plant Defense Hypotheses

The Quarterly Review of Biology, Journal Year: 2003, Volume and Issue: 78(1), P. 23 - 55

Published: March 1, 2003

Several hypotheses, mainly Optimal Defense (OD), Carbon:Nutrient Balance (CNB), Growth Rate (GR), and Growth‐Differentiation (GDB), have individually served as frameworks for investigating the patterns of plant defense against herbivores, in particular pattern constitutive defense. The predictions tests these hypotheses been problematic a variety reasons led to considerable confusion about state "theory defense." primary contribution OD hypothesis is that it has main framework investigation genotypic expression defense, with emphasis on allocation cost CNB how resources affect phenotypic often studies concerned GR explains intrinsic growth rate plants shaped evolutionarily by resource availability affects defensive patterns. expanded GDB recognizes constant physiological tradeoff between differentiation at cellular tissue levels relative selective pressures availability, including explicitly taking into account tolerance damage enemies. A clearer understanding what we learned from investigations use them can facilitate development well‐designed experiments address gaps our knowledge

Language: Английский

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Herbivores and nutrients control grassland plant diversity via light limitation

Nature, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 508(7497), P. 517 - 520

Published: March 7, 2014

Language: Английский

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Decomposing health: tolerance and resistance to parasites in animals

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2008, Volume and Issue: 364(1513), P. 37 - 49

Published: Oct. 16, 2008

Plant biologists have long recognized that host defence against parasites and pathogens can be divided into two conceptually different components: the ability to limit parasite burden (resistance) harm caused by a given (tolerance). Together these components determine how well is protected effects of parasitism. This distinction useful because it recognizes hosts are best at controlling burdens not necessarily healthiest. Moreover, resistance tolerance expected on epidemiology infectious diseases host–parasite coevolution. However, studies in animals date focused resistance, whereas possibility its implications been largely overlooked. The aim our review (i) describe statistical framework for analysis developed plant science this applied animals, (ii) evidence genetic environmental variation indicating which mechanisms could contribute variation, (iii) outline avenues future research topic.

Language: Английский

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Evolution in invasive plants: implications for biological control

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2004, Volume and Issue: 19(8), P. 417 - 422

Published: June 15, 2004

Language: Английский

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Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2009, Volume and Issue: 106(43), P. 18054 - 18061

Published: Oct. 8, 2009

Terrestrial biodiversity is dominated by plants and the herbivores that consume them, they are one of major conduits energy flow up to higher trophic levels. Here, we address processes have generated spectacular diversity flowering (>300,000 species) insect (likely >1 million species). Long-standing macroevolutionary hypotheses postulated reciprocal evolution adaptations subsequent bursts speciation given rise much this biodiversity. We critically evaluate various predictions based on coevolutionary theory. Phylogenetic reconstruction ancestral states has revealed evidence for escalation in potency or variety plant lineages' chemical defenses; however, defense been moderated tradeoffs alternative strategies (e.g., tolerance biotic agents). There still surprisingly scant novel traits reduce herbivory such evolutionary novelty spurs diversification. Consistent with hypothesis, there some diversification lagged behind, but nevertheless temporally correlated their host-plant clades, indicating colonization radiation insects diversifying plants. However, limited support role shifts Finally, a frontier area research, general conclusion our review, community ecology long-term history inexorably intertwined.

Language: Английский

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The resource availability hypothesis revisited: a meta‐analysis

Functional Ecology, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 25(2), P. 389 - 398

Published: Nov. 19, 2010

Summary 1. Several theories have provided a framework for understanding variation in plant defence against herbivores. Among them, the apparency theory and resource availability hypothesis (RAH) aimed to explain patterns of investment selective pressures that led variety defensive strategies across species. Here we provide historical review both theories, present evidence shaped their development contrast predictions. 2. We results meta‐analysis utility RAH 25 years after it was proposed compare theory. performed 50 studies examined growth, defences herbivory relation latitude ontogeny. Specifically, tested four predictions follow RAH: (i) species adapted resource‐rich environments intrinsically faster growth rates than resource‐poor environments; (ii) fast‐growing shorter leaf lifetimes slow‐growing species; (iii) lower amounts constitutive (iv) support higher 3. Our confirm grow inherently more slowly, invest from productive habitats. data also showed rate among better explains differences apparency, suggesting evolution different is resource, rather herbivore driven. found application this appears robust ontogeny, as magnitude effect sizes most did not vary significantly between ecosystems or ontogenic stages. 4. conclude has served valid investigating its applicability quite general.

Language: Английский

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Reciprocity: Weak or strong? What punishment experiments do (and do not) demonstrate

Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 35(1), P. 1 - 15

Published: Jan. 31, 2012

Abstract Economists and biologists have proposed a distinction between two mechanisms – “strong” “weak” reciprocity that may explain the evolution of human sociality. Weak theorists emphasize benefits long-term cooperation use low-cost strategies to deter free-riders. Strong theorists, in contrast, claim social dilemma games can be sustained by costly punishment mechanisms, even one-shot finitely repeated games. To support this claim, they generated large body evidence concerning willingness experimental subjects punish uncooperative free-riders at cost themselves. In article, I distinguish “narrow” “wide” reading evidence. Under narrow reading, experiments are just useful devices measure psychological propensities controlled laboratory conditions. wide replicate mechanism supports also “real-world” situations outside laboratory. argue interpretation must tested using combination data about “in wild.” spite some often-repeated claims, there is no small egalitarian societies studied anthropologists enforced means punishment. Moreover, studies economic historians show dilemmas wild typically solved institutions coordinate punishment, reduce its cost, extend horizon cooperation. The lack field for suggests important constraints what forms or cannot decentralised policing.

Language: Английский

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Current trends in the evolutionary ecology of plant defence

Functional Ecology, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 25(2), P. 420 - 432

Published: Oct. 13, 2010

Summary 1. In this essay I summarize current trends in the evolutionary ecology of plant defence, while advocating for approaches that integrate community with specific tests classic hypotheses. Several conclusions emerge. 2. The microevolution defence is perhaps best studied by reciprocal transplant experiments differentiated populations simultaneously manipulating presence herbivore(s) hypothesized to be agent(s) natural selection. 3. Although there continued interest costs argue some empirical estimating (e.g. genetic engineering) may provide limited insight into processes. 4. Essentially all plants employ several different lines against herbivory. It thus time abandon searching single silver bullet traits and simple trade‐off model (where are arbitrarily expected negatively covary across genotypes or species). We still know very little about which trait combinations most effective have repeatedly evolved together. Thus, our prominent theories a predicted between direct indirect defence) need revised. 5. Studies macroevolution enjoying renewed due available phylogenies analytical methods. general not currently surmisable, we will soon strong case studies evaluating both biotic abiotic drivers convergent evolution strategies role adaptive radiation lineages. 6. specificity proposed as final frontier understanding complexity plant–herbivore interactions. it abundantly clear can deploy highly defensive responses differentially perceived herbivore species, how such evolve physiologically regulated remains an important gap. Relatively straightforward methodologies now close loop perception herbivory, hormonal responses, production end‐products genotype species.

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms to Mitigate the Trade-Off between Growth and Defense

The Plant Cell, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 29(4), P. 666 - 680

Published: March 20, 2017

Plants have evolved an array of defenses against pathogens. However, mounting a defense response frequently comes with the cost reduction in growth and reproduction, carrying critical implications for natural agricultural populations. This review focuses on how costs are generated whether they can be mitigated. Most well-characterized growth-defense trade-offs stem from antagonistic crosstalk among hormones rather than identified metabolic expenditure. A primary way plants mitigate such is through restricted expression resistance; this achieved inducible genes or by concentration to particular times tissues. Defense pathways primed more effective induction, states transmitted offspring. We examine resistance (

Language: Английский

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