Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defenses, Regulators, and Primary Metabolites: The Blurred Functional Trichotomy

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 184(1), P. 39 - 52

Published: July 7, 2020

Plant chemicals known to mediate plant environment interactions also function as hormone-like regulators and precursors of primary metabolites. The kingdom produces hundreds thousands low molecular weight organic compounds. Based on the assumed functions these compounds, research community has classified them into three overarching groups: metabolites, which are directly required for growth; secondary (or specialized) plant–environment interactions; hormones, regulate organismal processes metabolism. For decades, this functional trichotomy metabolism shaped theory experimentation in biology. However, exact biochemical boundaries between different metabolite classes were never fully established. A new wave genetic chemical studies now further blurs by demonstrating that metabolites multifunctional; they can potent growth defense well sensu lato. Several adaptive scenarios may have favored diversity including signaling robustness cost-effective storage recycling. Secondary multifunctionality provide explanations ontogenetic patterns production refine our understanding plant–herbivore interactions, particular accounting discovery adapted herbivores misuse multiple purposes, some mirror their plants. In conclusion, recent work unveils limits current classification system Viewing integrated components metabolic networks dynamically environmental selection pressures transcend trophic levels improve interactions.

Language: Английский

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The Amborella Genome and the Evolution of Flowering Plants

Science, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 342(6165)

Published: Dec. 19, 2013

Amborella trichopoda is strongly supported as the single living species of sister lineage to all other extant flowering plants, providing a unique reference for inferring genome content and structure most recent common ancestor (MRCA) angiosperms. Sequencing genome, we identified an ancient duplication predating angiosperm diversification, without evidence subsequent, lineage-specific duplications. Comparisons between angiosperms facilitated reconstruction ancestral gene order in MRCA core eudicots. We identify new families, duplications, floral protein-protein interactions that first appeared angiosperm. Transposable elements are highly divergent, with no transposon radiations. Population genomic analysis across Amborella's native range New Caledonia reveals genetic bottleneck geographic conservation implications.

Language: Английский

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The evolution and genomic basis of beetle diversity

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 116(49), P. 24729 - 24737

Published: Nov. 18, 2019

The order Coleoptera (beetles) is arguably the most speciose group of animals, but evolutionary history beetles, including impacts plant feeding (herbivory) on beetle diversification, remain poorly understood. We inferred phylogeny beetles using 4,818 genes for 146 species, estimated timing and rates diversification 89 521 species representing all major lineages traced evolution enabling symbiont-independent digestion lignocellulose 154 genomes or transcriptomes. Phylogenomic analyses these uniquely comprehensive datasets resolved previously controversial relationships, dated origin to Carboniferous, supported codiversification angiosperms. Moreover, cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) obtained from bacteria fungi via horizontal gene transfers may have been key Mesozoic herbivorous beetles—remarkably, both independent origins specialized herbivory in coincide with first appearances an arsenal PCWDEs encoded their genomes. Furthermore, corresponding (Jurassic) rate increases suggest that novel triggered adaptive radiations resulted nearly half living species. propose enabled efficient tissues, walls, facilitating plant-feeding habits, such as leaf mining stem wood boring. Beetle diversity thus appears multiple factors, low extinction over a long history, angiosperms, following convergent microbial encoding PCWDEs.

Language: Английский

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Current trends in the evolutionary ecology of plant defence

Functional Ecology, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 25(2), P. 420 - 432

Published: Oct. 13, 2010

Summary 1. In this essay I summarize current trends in the evolutionary ecology of plant defence, while advocating for approaches that integrate community with specific tests classic hypotheses. Several conclusions emerge. 2. The microevolution defence is perhaps best studied by reciprocal transplant experiments differentiated populations simultaneously manipulating presence herbivore(s) hypothesized to be agent(s) natural selection. 3. Although there continued interest costs argue some empirical estimating (e.g. genetic engineering) may provide limited insight into processes. 4. Essentially all plants employ several different lines against herbivory. It thus time abandon searching single silver bullet traits and simple trade‐off model (where are arbitrarily expected negatively covary across genotypes or species). We still know very little about which trait combinations most effective have repeatedly evolved together. Thus, our prominent theories a predicted between direct indirect defence) need revised. 5. Studies macroevolution enjoying renewed due available phylogenies analytical methods. general not currently surmisable, we will soon strong case studies evaluating both biotic abiotic drivers convergent evolution strategies role adaptive radiation lineages. 6. specificity proposed as final frontier understanding complexity plant–herbivore interactions. it abundantly clear can deploy highly defensive responses differentially perceived herbivore species, how such evolve physiologically regulated remains an important gap. Relatively straightforward methodologies now close loop perception herbivory, hormonal responses, production end‐products genotype species.

Language: Английский

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The butterfly plant arms-race escalated by gene and genome duplications

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 112(27), P. 8362 - 8366

Published: June 22, 2015

Significance This research uncovers the mechanisms of an ancient arms race between butterflies and plants, seen today in countless gardens as caterpillars cabbage that devour crop varieties. Nearly 90 million years ago, ancestors Brassica (mustards, cabbage) related plants developed a chemical defense called glucosinolates. While very toxic to most insects, humans experience glucosinolates sharp taste wasabi, horseradish mustard. Here we report this triggered escalated complexity over time. By investigating evolutionary histories these found major increases were followed by evolving countertactics allow them continue attack feed on plants.

Language: Английский

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Species Interactions Alter Evolutionary Responses to a Novel Environment

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 10(5), P. e1001330 - e1001330

Published: May 15, 2012

Studies of evolutionary responses to novel environments typically consider single species or perhaps pairs interacting species. However, all organisms co-occur with many other species, resulting in dynamics that might not match those predicted using approaches. Recent theories predict interactions diverse systems can influence how component evolve response environmental change. In turn, evolution have consequences for ecosystem functioning. We used experimental communities five bacterial show a major impact on adaptation environment the laboratory. Species diverged their use resources compared same monocultures and evolved waste products generated by This generally led trade-off between abiotic biotic components environment, such evolving had lower growth rates when assayed absence Based assays nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy resource use, more than they did monocultures. The changes significant repercussions functioning these ecosystems: reassembled from isolates polyculture were productive monoculture. Our results way which adapt new depends critically co-occurring Moreover, predicting complex ecosystems will respond an change requires knowing evolve.

Language: Английский

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Insect Herbivores Drive Real-Time Ecological and Evolutionary Change in Plant Populations

Science, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 338(6103), P. 113 - 116

Published: Oct. 4, 2012

Plant Anti-Insect Armaments Because individual plants are unable to relocate, they subject extreme selection by the insects feeding upon them. One means which suppress herbivory is produce toxic compounds deter (see Perspective Hare ). Agrawal et al. (p. 113 ) compared pesticide–treated or untreated evening primroses. Over 5 years of pesticide treatment, production defensive chemicals in fruit reduced and flowering times shifted, primrose's competitive ability against dandelions improved. Züst 116 examined large-scale geographic patterns a polymorphic chemical defense locus model plant Arabidopsis thaliana found that it matched changes relative abundance two specialist aphids. Thus, has strong immediate effects on local genotypic composition traits associated with herbivore resistance.

Language: Английский

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Ecological and Evolutionary Drivers of Geographic Variation in Species Diversity

Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 46(1), P. 369 - 392

Published: Oct. 16, 2015

Recent studies have generated an explosion of phylogenetic and biogeographic data provided new tools to investigate the processes driving large-scale gradients in species diversity. Fossils plants animals demonstrate that tropical regions are source for almost all groups organisms, these composed a mixture ancient recently derived lineages. These findings consistent with hypothesis large extent environments during past 10–50 million years, together greater climatic stability, has promoted speciation reduced extinction rates. Energy availability appears only indirectly contribute global patterns diversity, especially considering how some marine diversity can be completely decoupled from temperature productivity gradients. Instead, climate stability time–integrated area determine baselines both terrestrial patterns. Biotic interactions likely augment diversification coexistence tropics.

Language: Английский

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Cabbage family affairs: the evolutionary history of Brassicaceae

Trends in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 16(2), P. 108 - 116

Published: Dec. 22, 2010

Language: Английский

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A link between host plant adaptation and pesticide resistance in the polyphagous spider mite Tetranychus urticae

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 110(2)

Published: Dec. 17, 2012

Plants produce a wide range of allelochemicals to defend against herbivore attack, and generalist herbivores have evolved mechanisms avoid, sequester, or detoxify broad spectrum natural defense compounds. Successful arthropod pests also developed resistance diverse classes pesticides this adaptation is critical importance agriculture. To test whether overcome plant defenses predispose the development pesticide resistance, we examined two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae , host transfer pesticides. T. an extreme polyphagous pest with more than 1,100 documented hosts has extraordinary ability develop resistance. When mites from pesticide-susceptible strain propagated on bean were adapted challenging (tomato), transcriptional responses increased over time ∼7.5% genes differentially expressed after five generations. Whereas many altered expression belonged known detoxification families (like P450 monooxygenases), new gene not previously associated in other showed striking response, including ring-splitting dioxygenase acquired by horizontal transfer. Strikingly, profiles tomato-adapted resembled those multipesticide-resistant strains, tomato decreased susceptibility unrelated classes. Our findings suggest key roles for both expanded environmental response repertoire regulation life history herbivores. They support model whereby selection mount chemistry plants predisposes evolution generalists.

Language: Английский

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