Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery

Chemical Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 124(9), P. 5505 - 5616

Published: April 16, 2024

The recent emergence of nanomedicine has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape and necessitated creation more sophisticated drug delivery systems. Polymeric nanoparticles sit at forefront numerous promising designs, due to their unmatched control over physiochemical properties such as size, shape, architecture, charge, surface functionality. Furthermore, polymeric have ability navigate various biological barriers precisely target specific sites within body, encapsulate a diverse range cargo efficiently release this in response internal external stimuli. However, despite these remarkable advantages, presence wider clinical application is minimal. This review will provide comprehensive understanding vehicles. affecting be outlined first, followed by description nanoparticle designs preparation methods, beginning with polymers on which they are based. meticulously explore current performance against myriad diseases including cancer, viral bacterial infections, before finally evaluating advantages crucial challenges that determine potential decades come.

Language: Английский

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Stimuli-Responsive Polymer-Based Nanosystems for Cancer Theranostics

ACS Nano, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 17(23), P. 23223 - 23261

Published: Dec. 2, 2023

Stimuli-responsive polymers can respond to internal stimuli, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), and pH, biological enzymes, external lasers ultrasound, etc., by changing their hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, degradability, ionizability, thus have been widely used in biomedical applications. Due the characteristics of tumor microenvironment (TME), stimuli-responsive that cater specifically TME extensively prepare smart nanovehicles for targeted delivery therapeutic diagnostic agents tissues. Compared conventional drug nanosystems, TME-responsive nanosystems many advantages, high sensitivity, broad applicability among different tumors, functional versatility, improved biosafety. In recent years, a great deal research has devoted engineering efficient polymeric significant improvement made both cancer diagnosis therapy. this review, we summarize some advances involving use polymer nanocarriers delivery, imaging, therapy, theranostics. Various chemical stimuli will be described context nanosystems. Accordingly, groups responsible responsiveness strategies incorporate these into discussed detail. With on topic expending at fast pace, innovative concepts, sequential cascade release, NIR-II multifunctional formulations, emerged popular enhanced performance, which also included here with up-to-date illustrations. We hope review offer valuable insights selection optimization help accelerate future applications treatment.

Language: Английский

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Reversible Wet‐Adhesive and Self‐Healing Conductive Composite Elastomer of Liquid Metal

Advanced Functional Materials, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 32(35)

Published: June 22, 2022

Abstract Stretchable conductors with the combination of high elasticity and electric conductivity have long been pursued in soft electronics. Liquid metals (LMs), whose mechanical properties match well elastomeric matrix, successfully applied robotics, electronic skins wearable devices. But it remains challenging to develop conductive composite elastomers LMs reversible adhesion self‐healing. Herein, EGaIn droplets are uniformly dispersed into elastomer, which contain dynamic disulfide endow elastomer thermal processability, recyclability, wet adhesion, With content ≥40 vol.%, resultant shows 1.3 × 104 S m −1 , self‐healing 8.0 h, strength up 670 kPa after curing for 2.0 h. When serving as adhesive, can easily adhere metal electrode light LED even when stretched 50%. self‐adhesive bioelectrode, also detect human electromyography signals. Thus, not only may this study provide a new platform designing self‐adhesive, self‐healing, liquid metals, but their promise facileness building damage‐endurable electronics applying human–machine interfaces.

Language: Английский

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Versatile and Controlled Synthesis of Degradable, Water-Soluble Bottlebrush Polymers with Poly(disulfide) Backbones Derived from α-Lipoic Acid

ACS Macro Letters, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 207 - 213

Published: Feb. 3, 2025

Bottlebrush (BB) polymers, with their densely grafted side chains and unique architecture, are highly advantageous for drug delivery due to high functional group density conjugation, unimolecular nature, enhanced biodistribution properties. These attributes enable extended blood circulation half-life, improved tumor tissue penetration, tumoral accumulation. However, the typically nondegradable, all-carbon backbones of most BB polymers limit suitability applications requiring controlled clearance biodegradability. To address this, we developed degradable poly(disulfide) synthesized via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) copolymerization α-lipoic acid (LA), a renewable readily available compound, acrylate-based inimers. copolymers feature initiating sites subsequent synthesis. Using an atom radical polymerization (ATRP) grafting-from methodology, relatively low dispersities (Đ = 1.30–1.53), backbone degrees (DPbb), molar masses (Mn,MALS 650–2700 kg/mol). The easily cleavable disulfide bonds enabled degradation under mild reducing conditions. Beyond hydrophilic tri(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (TEGA) chains, cationic, anionic, zwitterionic demonstrating broad monomer compatibility. This scalable approach produces water-soluble, tunable architectures predictable molecular weights. By addressing need degradability in this work advances potential delivery, offering functionality, biocompatibility, sustainability.

Language: Английский

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Emerging Trends in the Chemistry of End-to-End Depolymerization

JACS Au, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 3(9), P. 2436 - 2450

Published: Aug. 23, 2023

Over the past couple of decades, polymers that depolymerize end-to-end upon cleavage their backbone or activation a terminal functional group, sometimes referred to as "self-immolative" polymers, have been attracting increasing attention. They are growing interest in context enhancing polymer degradability but also recycling they allow monomers be regenerated controlled manner under mild conditions. Furthermore, highly promising for applications smart materials due ability provide an amplified response specific signal, single sensing event is translated into generation many small molecules through cascade reactions. From chemistry perspective, depolymerization relies on principles self-immolative linkers and ceiling temperature (Tc). In this article, we will introduce key chemical concepts foundations field then our perspective recent exciting developments. For example, over few years, new depolymerizable backbones, including polyacetals, polydisulfides, polyesters, polythioesters, polyalkenamers, developed, while modern approaches conventional backbones such polymethacrylates introduced. Progress has made topological evolution systems, introduction fully block copolymers, hyperbranched networks. precision sequence-defined oligomers synthesized studied data storage encryption. Finally, perspectives future opportunities challenges discussed.

Language: Английский

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Redox-responsive nanogels for drug-delivery: thiol–maleimide and thiol–disulfide exchange chemistry as orthogonal tools for fabrication and degradation

Polymer Chemistry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(34), P. 3897 - 3905

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Redox-responsive nanogels are prepared by exploiting the orthogonal reactivity of thiol–maleimide and thiol–disulfide exchange reactions.

Language: Английский

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Recent Advances in Stimuli-Responsive Self-Immolative Polymers for Drug Delivery and Molecular Imaging

Chemistry of Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 36(9), P. 4054 - 4077

Published: April 18, 2024

Stimuli-responsive self-immolative polymers (SIPs) represent a unique class of that can undergo controlled, sequential head-to-tail depolymerization upon specific stimuli. Since their inception, they have evolved over two decades to become one the most attractive polymer types. With characteristic feature "one stimulus, multiple responses", SIPs inherently possess ability serve as chemical amplifiers, which amplify weak or biological signals. This promises higher stimulus sensitivity, greater selectivity for microenvironments, and potential generate more persistent, extensive, significant responses while consuming fewer stimuli sources. Review summarizes latest research advancements in stimuli-responsive drug delivery molecular imaging past five years. Regarding structure SIPs, we briefly overview updates self-immolation units, end-cap moieties, sequence SIPs. In terms applications, focus on possible applications disease treatment methods. Finally, provide brief perspective future directions these applications.

Language: Английский

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Revolutionizing drug delivery by bioinspired 4D transdermal microneedles: Advances and future horizons

European Polymer Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 210, P. 112952 - 112952

Published: March 16, 2024

Transdermal drug delivery holds great promise for enhancing therapeutic outcomes and patient compliance, bioinspired 4D microneedles represent a cutting-edge approach in this field. This review provides concise overview on the current progress future prospects development of transdermal delivery. Bioinspired combine principles biomimicry advanced materials science to create dynamic, responsive systems. They are designed overcome limitations conventional patches by offering enhanced control over release, improved comfort, ability adapt dynamic properties skin. In article, we discuss various fabrication techniques, materials, designs discussed that have been explored these innovative microneedles. article explores Current research field has demonstrated enables precise controlled administration wide range applications. These shown potential delivering both small molecule drugs biologics, making them versatile tools pharmaceutical industry. Ongoing efforts focus improving biocompatibility, scalability, commercial viability. The integration with smart technologies such as sensors feedback systems enable personalized drug. transformative offer precise, patient-friendly, adaptable solutions therapeutics. With continued development, revolutionize way administration, ultimately healthcare patient.

Language: Английский

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Synthesis of Cationic Cyclic Oligo(disulfide)s via Cyclo-Depolymerization: A Redox-Responsive and Potent Antibacterial Reagent

Journal of the American Chemical Society, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 13, 2025

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and synthetic topologically defined peptide mimics have been developed as alternatives to traditional small-molecule antibiotics. AMP mimetics arising from linear polymers used widely in preclinical studies shown promise but limited stability. Oligomers possessing cyclic topology proposed increased stability remain understudied due challenges concerns over cytotoxicity. Herein, we present an efficient approach prepare cationic, oligo(disulfide)s (CCOs) lipoic acid derivatives. The CCOs are obtained a one-pot cascade reaction of ring-opening polymerization preceding situ cyclo-depolymerization. effective against broad spectrum bacteria, exhibiting 5.43-log reduction 5 min Escherichia coli. They did not induce antimicrobial resistance during 24 successive passages vitro. cytotoxicity is reduced by exploiting glutathione-triggered degradation. Further, fine-tuning the cationic-to-hydrophilic ratio has yielded improved serum high selective index (HC50/MIC > 1280) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In infected wound rodent model, substantial antibacterial potency S. aureus, underscoring their therapeutic potential new class agents.

Language: Английский

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Fast-Forming Dissolvable Redox-Responsive Hydrogels: Exploiting the Orthogonality of Thiol–Maleimide and Thiol–Disulfide Exchange Chemistry

Biomacromolecules, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(9), P. 3525 - 3534

Published: June 13, 2022

Fast-forming yet easily dissolvable hydrogels (HGs) have potential applications in wound healing, burn incidences, and delivery of therapeutic agents. Herein, a combination thiol-maleimide conjugation thiol-disulfide exchange reaction is employed to fabricate fast-forming HGs which rapidly dissolve upon exposure dithiothreitol (DTT), nontoxic thiol-containing hydrophilic molecule. In particular, maleimide disulfide-terminated telechelic linear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymer PEG-based tetrathiol macromonomers are as gel precursors, mixing yield within minute. The selectivity the presence disulfide linkage was established through 1H NMR spectroscopy Ellman's test. Rapid degradation solution evident from reduction storage modulus. encapsulated with fluorescent dye-labeled dextran polymers bovine serum albumin were fabricated, their cargo release investigated under passive active conditions DTT. One can envision that rapid gelation fast on-demand dissolution relatively benign would make these polymeric materials attractive for range biomedical applications.

Language: Английский

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