Industrial Production of Organophosphate Flame Retardants (OPFRs): Big Knowledge Gaps Need to Be Filled?

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 108(5), P. 809 - 818

Published: Jan. 26, 2022

Language: Английский

---

Organophosphate (OP) diesters and a review of sources, chemical properties, environmental occurrence, adverse effects, and future directions

Environment International, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 155, P. 106691 - 106691

Published: June 16, 2021

Over the course of continual phase-outs toxic halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), there has been an increasing demand for organophosphate esters (OPEs) in global FR markets. OPE-FRs have largely identified as OP triesters, which a basic chemical structure O = P(OR)3. In addition to OPEs can refer another class related substances, namely, diesters that typical P(OR)2(OH)). are known biotic or abiotic degradation products triesters. recent years, environmental scientists proven widely exist variety matrices and samples around world, implying potential risks from diester exposure biota humans environment. Here, we reviewed scientific literature studies involving up end 2020. The aim present review is assess understanding physicochemical properties, sources (industrial production degradation), occurrence diesters, adverse effects exposed organisms. Based on Web Science core collection, found at least 23 reported contaminants various environments properties vary depending their specific structures. containing halogen atoms aryl groups seem be more persistent (with greater estimated half-life (t1/2) values) matrices. There were multiple including industrial Specifically, ten produced somewhere total annual output was 17,050 metric tons (this number underestimated due limitation available information). addition, wide application triesters worldwide makes critical source environment Current monitoring demonstrated some detectable human body (via both blood urine samples), indoor dust, wastewater, sewage sludge worldwide. highest concentrations diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) high 727 ng/mL (children (aged 0–5 years) Australia). following direct indirect 11 organisms (including animals, bacteria, algae) reported, recorded outcomes included developmental toxicity, alteration gene expression, disturbance nuclear receptor activity. Biomonitoring regarding frequently statistically significant associations between markers health (mainly reproductive toxicity). Finally, basis current knowledge propose prospects research directions future studies.

Language: Английский

---

Unveiling the Occurrence and Potential Ecological Risks of Organophosphate Esters in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants across China

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 57(5), P. 1907 - 1918

Published: Jan. 25, 2023

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) discharged from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have attracted increasing concerns because of their potential risks to aquatic ecosystems. The identification the structures OPEs is a prerequisite for subsequent assessment environmental impacts, which could hardly be accomplished using traditional target analytical methods. In this study, we describe use suspect and nontarget screening techniques organophosphate triesters diesters (tri-OPEs di-OPEs) in influent effluent samples acquired 25 municipal WWTPs across China. There are totally 33 different OPE molecules identified, 11 detected first time 4 new public. all tested samples, di-OPEs account significant portion (53% on average) total (ng/L−μg/L). More importantly, most not eliminated after these WWTPs, while some even accumulate. research priority based ecological risk was also analyzed, results reflected previously unrecognized exposure emerging living organisms. These findings present holistic understanding relevance country scale, will hopefully provide guidance upgrade protocols modification governmental regulations future.

Language: Английский

---

Established and emerging organophosphate esters (OPEs) and the expansion of an environmental contamination issue: A review and future directions

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 459, P. 132095 - 132095

Published: July 20, 2023

Language: Английский

---

Synthetic Antioxidants as Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Indoor Environments: Knowns and Unknowns

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 57(51), P. 21550 - 21557

Published: Dec. 12, 2023

Synthetic antioxidants, including synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs), amine (AAs), and organophosphite (OPAs), are essential additives for preventing oxidative aging in various industrial consumer products. Increasing attention has been paid to the environmental contamination caused by these chemicals, but our understanding of is generally limited compared other emerging contaminants such as plasticizers flame retardants. Many people spend a significant portion (normally greater than 80%) their time indoors, meaning that they experience widespread persistent exposure indoor contaminants. Thus, this Perspective focuses on problem The wide application commercial products demonstrated toxicity make them an important family concern. However, knowledge gaps still need be bridged: novel related transformation identified environments, different dust sampling strategies should employed evaluate human contaminants, geographic scope research broadened, partition coefficients among media investigated.

Language: Английский

---

Bioaccumulation and Potential Endocrine Disruption Risk of Legacy and Emerging Organophosphate Esters in Cetaceans from the Northern South China Sea

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 22, 2024

Despite the increasing health risks shown by continuous detection of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in biota recent years, information on occurrence and potential OPEs marine mammals remains limited. This study conducted first investigation into body burdens 10 traditional (tOPEs) five emerging (eOPEs) cetacean species (n = 84) from northern South China Sea (NSCS) during 2005–2021. All OPEs, except for 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), were detected these cetaceans, indicating their widespread NSCS. Although levels ∑10tOPEs humpback dolphins remained stable 2005 to 2021, concentrations ∑5eOPEs showed a significant increase, suggesting growing demand new-generation China. Dolphins proximity urban regions generally exhibited higher OPE than those rural areas, mirroring environmental trends occurring this area. congeners, EHDPHP, maternal transfer ratio >1, that dolphin placenta may not be an efficient barrier OPEs. The observed correlations between hormones (triiodothyronine, thyroxine, testosterone) indicated exposures might have endocrine disruption effects population.

Language: Английский

---

Discovering Novel Organophosphorus Compounds in Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents through Suspect Screening and Nontarget Analysis

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 58(14), P. 6402 - 6414

Published: March 28, 2024

Limited knowledge on the structure of emerging organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) hampers our comprehensive understanding their environmental occurrence and potential risks. Through suspect nontarget screening, combining data-dependent acquisition, data-independent parallel reaction monitoring modes, we identified 60 OPCs (17 traditional 43 compounds) in effluents 14 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) Beijing Qinghai, China. These comprise 26 organophosphate triesters, 17 diesters, 6 organophosphonates, 7 organothiophosphate esters, 4 other OPCs. Notably, were newly WWTP effluents, 16 discovered matrices. Specifically, cyclic phosphonate, (5-ethyl-2-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)methyl dimethyl phosphonate P-oxide (PMMMPn), consistently appeared all with semiquantitative concentrations ranging from 44.4 to 282 ng/L. Its analogue, di-PMMMPn, presented 93% samples. Compositional differences between two cities mainly attributed Hazard ecological risk assessment underscored substantial contribution chlorinated esters overall risks effluents. This study provides most OPC profiles date, highlighting need for further research occurrence, fate, risks, particularly

Language: Английский

---

High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Screening of Emerging Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) in Wild Fish: Occurrence, Species-Specific Difference, and Tissue-Specific Distribution

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 56(1), P. 302 - 312

Published: Dec. 13, 2021

There is a dearth of information regarding the pollution status emerging organophosphate esters (OPEs) in wild fish. Here, we optimized and validated quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe (QuEChERS) pretreatment method, which was further applied for target, suspect, nontarget screening OPEs n = 48 samples fishes from Taihu Lake (eastern China). This integrated technique allows us to fully identify 20 OPEs, 9 out them are detected fish first time. Importantly, some i.e., tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (TDtBPP), 4-tert-butylphenyl diphenyl (BPDP), 2-isopropylphenyl (IPDP), exhibited greater or at least comparable contamination levels as compared traditional ones. were no statistically significant interspecies (n 6) differences OPE concentrations. However, observed on concentrations among different tissues silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), intestine has highest mean concentration (46.5 ng/g wet weight (ww)), followed by liver (20.1 ww) ≈ brain (20.0 > gill (14.8 muscle (11.4 ww). An interesting exception IPDP, presents an unexpectedly high (0.510 Collectively, this study expands our understanding clearly shows that TDtBPP, BPDP could play equally important role contribution samples.

Language: Английский

---

Exposure to organophosphate esters in elderly people: Relationships of OPE body burdens with indoor air and dust concentrations and food consumption

Environment International, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 157, P. 106803 - 106803

Published: Aug. 5, 2021

Human exposure to OPEs is pervasive and should be of great concern due associations with adverse health effects, especially in susceptible populations. In this study, body burdens pathways were investigated for 76 healthy elderly people Jinan, China based on the measured OPE metabolite concentrations human bio-samples (whole blood urine) paired environmental matrices (air dust), as well food frequency questionnaire. Eight 16 5 11 metabolites detected > 50% whole urine samples, respectively. Tri(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(2-chloroethyl) (TCEP), tri-phenyl (TPHP), 2-ethylhexyl di-phenyl (EHDPP) frequently abundant blood, while their corresponding at low frequencies or levels urine. The reduced metabolic and/or excretory capacity may an important reason, implying a higher risk them. Fourteen had over detection indoor air dust, 6 di-esters dust. Tris(2-ethylhexyl) (TEHP) dust tri-n-butyl (TnBP) positively correlated but not (BEHP DnBP) Combined direct intakes BEHP DBP from indicated more suitable biomarker TEHP TnBP exposure. High consumption several foods associated three urinary four di-OPEs, indicating importance dietary pathway. Estimated daily total via inhalation, ingestion, dermal absorption ranged 2.78 42.0 ng/kg bw/day, which far less than reference dosage values. Further studies warranted explore potential effects

Language: Английский

---

Distribution, partitioning, and health risk assessment of organophosphate esters in a major tributary of middle Yangtze River using Monte Carlo simulation

Water Research, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 219, P. 118559 - 118559

Published: May 10, 2022

Language: Английский

---